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Histology > nervous tissue online module W5 > Flashcards

nervous tissue online module W5 Flashcards

1
Q

nervous tissue exists as either part of the …..nervous system or the …..nervous system

A

central

peripheral

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2
Q

how are cells distributed within the nervous tissue

A

cells (neurons) are scattered with only limited contact at the extremities

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3
Q

cells of nervous tissue are characterized by having many cellular processes (……… ………..)

A

cytoplasmic extensions

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4
Q

what exists between nervous tissue cells that allows signals to pass from cell to cell

A

highly specialized contact points (synapses)

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5
Q

nervous tissue can have different characteristic depending on…

A

where it it, CNS or PNS

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6
Q

what makes up the central nervous system (2)

A

brain and spinal chord

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7
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system (3)

A

nerves
sensory receptors
ganglia

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8
Q

in the CNS are cells surrounded by ECM

A

virtually no, CNS nervous tissue is highly specialised, with scattered cells and the space between cells is taken up by cellular processes of neurons and supporting cells

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9
Q

are neurons excitable cells

A

yes

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10
Q

how do neurons transmit signals from cell to cell

A

action potential is transmitted by reversing the polarity of the cell membrane

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11
Q

what is ganglia

A

an accumulation o nerve cellbodies

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12
Q

what are the two cells found in nervous system

A

neurons

glial cells

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13
Q

what are the two cells found in nervous system

A

neurons

glial cells

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14
Q

types of glial cells found in the CNS (4)

A

microglia
oigodendrocytes
astrocytes
ependymal

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15
Q

types of glial cells found in PNS

A

satellite cells

schwann cells

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16
Q

glial cells are …..cells

A

supporting

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17
Q

satelite cells are only found in …

A

gnaglia

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18
Q

schwann cells are found in …(2)

A

nerves and ganglia`

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19
Q

circular area of neuron is called …….or ……

and this is where the… and most of the… is

A

cell body
soma

cytoplasm and nucleus

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20
Q

what is another name for a multipolar neuron

A

motor neuron

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21
Q

do neurons have large or small nuclei

A

large

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22
Q

the nucleus of a neuron is highly…heterochromatic/euchromatic?

A

euchromatic

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23
Q

why is the neuron highly euchromatic

A

it produces alot of protein for use within the cell and for exportin the form of neurotransmitters

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24
Q

protein from a neuron is exported in the form of…

A

neurotransmittersneurotansmitters

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25
Q

neurons have a very prominent/unprominent nucleolus

A

prominent

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26
Q

what are nisil bodies

A

accumilation of RER and free ribosomes in the nucleus of a neuron

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27
Q

how long can neurons be

A

up to 1 meter

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28
Q

free ribosomes produce proteins that are likley to be used within / exported from the cell?

A

used within

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29
Q

rER produces proteins that are likely to be used within/exported from the cell?

A

exported

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30
Q

what are axon terminals

A

axon terminals often synapse onto dendrites

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31
Q

why do axons often synapse onto dendrites

A

in order to increase surface are to recieve information

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32
Q

what is an axon

A

a long thin cytoplasmic process

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33
Q

where is the soma located

where does the axon go

A

soma is found in the CNS and the axon runs out into the PNS

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34
Q

what i found at the end of an exon (opposite to the soma) (two names)

A

axon terminals or axon boutons

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35
Q

what are dendrites

A

cytoplasmic processes

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36
Q

what is the job of dendrites

A

to recieve signals

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37
Q

what happens at the axon boutons or axon terminals

A

synapses occur

neurotransmitters are released into other cells (either another neuron or another cell)

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38
Q

what are axons sometimes covered in

A

myelin sheaths

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39
Q

what are myelin sheaths

A

cellular wrappings of cells

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40
Q

what are myelin sheaths made out of in the CNS

A

oligodendocytes

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41
Q

what are myelin sheaths made out of in the PNS

A

schwanns

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42
Q

what is the axon hillock

A

the junction between the axon and the soma

43
Q

why is the axon hillock important

A

neuron is receiving lots of signals from dendrocytes, and these signals are different - some of these signals are carrying information to produce action potentials and other signals are saying dont produce action potential. the decision making process of whether to produce or not produce action potential is made in the axon hillock (based on what signal is more abundant)

44
Q

what are the four neuronal types

A

multipolar neuron
bipolar neuron
unipolar neuron

axoaxonic neuron or interneuron

45
Q

what are the two sensory neurons

A

unipolar and bipolar neurons

46
Q

what is the one motorneuron

A

mulipolar neuron

47
Q

what senses is the biipolar neuron in charge of

A

vision taste smell and hearings

48
Q

what is the functional difference between (unipolar and bipolar neurons ) and multipolar neurons

A

unipolar and bipolar neurons: bringing information from the periphery back into the CNS

mulipolar neurons: run information from the CNS into the periphery

49
Q

what organs are the bipolar neurons found in

A

organs in charge of special sense (eg. vision smell hearing and taste)

50
Q

what senses are the unipolar neurons associated with

A

pain- touch, tmeperature, vibration, stretch

51
Q

interneurons /axoaxonic neurons exist in which nervous system?

A

CNS

52
Q

what is the role of axoaxonic neurons /interneurons

A

as intermediates between neurons

53
Q

where are the two places that neural bodies exist

A

in the CNS (spinal cord, brain)

in accumulations of cell bodies in the PNS called ganglia

54
Q

what is ganglia

A

accumulations of neural bodies in the PNS

55
Q

what produces myelin in the CNS

A

oligodenrocytes

56
Q

main property of myelin

A

phospholipid rich

57
Q

what is a node of ranvier

A

the space between myelin sheaths

nodes of ranvier have veltage gated ion channels that accumulate on the axon cell membrane

58
Q

what is the main role of myelin - explain

A

myelin acts as an insulator and allows and action potential to jump between nodes

59
Q

what is saltatory conduction?

A

spend up conduction by the help of nodes of ranvier that allow action potential to jump from node to node

60
Q

what is special about oligodendrocytes

A

they can myelinatemultiple axons at once ( or the same axon multiple times)

61
Q

how are oligodendrocytes able to myelinate multiple axons at once (or one axon multiple times)

A

via long cytoplasmic processes that wrap around the axons

62
Q

in which nervous system do shwans cells myelinate axons

A

PNS

63
Q

in which nervous sytem do oligodendrocytes myelinate axons

A

peripheral nervous system

64
Q

what is different about how shwann cells myelinate in comparison to oligodendrocytes

A

shwann cells can only myelinate one part of the axon but multiple shwa cells can myelinate the one axon

65
Q

one axon may have up to …… shwann cells

A

10 000

66
Q

describe the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons

A

unmyelinated axons are grouped together by shwann cells

unmyelinated axons tend to be smaller in diameter and conduct impulses at a slower rate

67
Q

what cells envelop unmyelinated axons

A

shwann cells

68
Q

what kind of ion channels line the post synaptic membrane

A

ligand gated ion channels that respond to the neurotransmitters

69
Q

explian the process of synaptic neurotransmition

A

action potential travels down the axon and dwom the axon terminal which initiates voltage gated calcium ion channels to open, allowing clacium to flow into the axon terminal

the calcium prompts the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic clefts

the neurotransmitters bind to the ligand receptors on the ligand gated sodium ion channels which causes a conformational change to these channels which allows sodium ions to flow inside.

this causes the adjacent voltage gated sodium ion channels to open and their adjacent ones to open and so on etc.

allowing the action potential to be conducted and passed along the cell

70
Q

once neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to ligand gated ion channels what happens to them
list the 3 main ways that neurotransmitters are disposed of

A

they are released by the ligand receptors
then disposed of by:
reuptake by the axon terminal
uptake by surrounding glial cells
release of enxymes that degrade the neurotransmitters

71
Q

what is the name for dendritic offshoots

A

dendritic spines

72
Q

what is the purpose of dendritic spines

A

to increase surface are for information uptake

73
Q

nervous tissue in the CNS is made up of two types of matter what are they

A

grey matter and white mater

74
Q

why is white matter white

A

because it is made up of tacks of myelinated axons

75
Q

what is grey matter composed of (broad) (1)

A

ie. neuropil

76
Q

what is neuropil

A

neurons and everything that is in between them

77
Q

what is neuropil and therefore grey matter composed of (5)

A 
neurons and everything that surrounds them
dendrites 
glial cells
axons
cytoplasmic processes
78
Q

arrangement of white and grey matter in spinal cord

A

white matter on outside grey on inside

79
Q

arrangement of white and grey matter in brain

A

grey matter on outside

grey matter on inside

80
Q

the spinal chord has an ……..and a …….. surface

A

anterior

posterior

81
Q

which surface of the spinal chord has a large depression

A

the anterior surface

82
Q

what is the name of the large depression in the white matter of the spinal chord on the anterior surface called

A

medial anterior fissure

83
Q

on that surface do the butterfly’s wings touch the surface

A

posterior or dorsal

84
Q

where are synapses found (specific and broad)

A

contact pints between axon terminal bountons and other cells or another neuron

in the neuropil

85
Q

synapses can only properly be studied under the EM or LM ?

A

under the EM

86
Q

what is white matter composed of (3)

A

tracks of myleinated axons
blood vessels
glial cells

87
Q

what glial cells are found in white matetr (3)

A

oilgodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglial cells

88
Q

what are the most numerous and largest glial cells

A

astrocytes

89
Q

what is the physical structure of an astrocyte

A

consist of a number of long cytoplasmic processs that make them look like stars and at the end form feet which associate with blood vessels

90
Q

what is the purpose of an astrocyte’s long cytoplasmic processes

A

they extend into the surrounding tissue of the brain and the spinal chord and associate with neurons and blood vessels (blood brain barrier)

91
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

the way in which the body protects the brain from invading microorganisms and toxins
the astrocytes ‘feet’ encircle endothelial cells and act as a barrier between them and neurons

92
Q

how do astrocytes act as intermediates between blood vessels and neurons

A

they have gap junctions through which they can provide structural and nutritional support for neurons

93
Q

what are the primary functions of astrocytes (4)

A

they acts as intermediates betwen blood vessels adn neurons

they control the environment of the CNS by removing excess ions and neurotransmitters

they form scar tissue

regeneration in the nervous system

94
Q

what is the name of the scar tissue that if formed by astrocytes

A

gliocyis

95
Q

roles of microglial cells in the CNS

A

they act as resident mecrophages and are pat of the innate immune system in the CNS - they are able to phagocytose anycellular debris, damaged cells or invading organisms

96
Q

what is the purpose of ependyme cells in the CNS

A

they line the central canla f the spinal chord and passages within the brain that contain CSF - ependyme cells help circulate the CSF and connect to glial cells in the CNS

97
Q

what do ependyme cells line

A

central canal of spinal chord , and passages within the brain that contain CSF

98
Q

what are nerves made out of (3) what are they not made out of (1)

A

axons
shwann cells
CT

not made out of comas

99
Q

what are the levels of organisation of CT in a nerve small–>large

A

andoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

100
Q

what is the endoneurium and what does it line

A

loose CT

lines individual axons (encapsulating both the axon and the shwann cells that myelinate them)

101
Q

what is the perineurium and what does it line

A

dense irreg CT lines fasicales (which are clusterns of axons)

102
Q

what is the epineurium

A

dense irreg CT that lines the outside of a nerve

103
Q

what part of the spinal chord contains some of efferent fibres

A

ventral root (grey)

Histology (11 decks)

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