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Histology > Integumentary system online module part 1 W6 > Flashcards

Integumentary system online module part 1 W6 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the integumentary system (1) (5)

A

skin and all its accessories (hair, nails, glands, muscles and nerves)

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2
Q

what is the organ in the integumentary system and what are its two components

A

skin
epidermis
dermis

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3
Q

what is the epidermis

A

epithelium layer

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4
Q

what is the dermis

A

connective tissue layer

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5
Q

what is on top? the dermis or the epidermis ?

A

epidermis ontop

beneath is the dermis

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6
Q

what type of tissue is the hypodermis and what type of layer is it

A

connective tissue

subcutaneous layer

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7
Q

what are the main accessory structures of the skin (6)

A 
hairs
sebascous glands 
sensory receptors
arrector pili muscles 
sweat glands
blood vessels
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8
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the epidermis

A

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

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9
Q

what is the only example of keratinised epithelium in the body

A

epidermis

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10
Q

what are the two layers that make up the epidermis and what type of tissue are they

A

papillary layer (papillary dermis) (loose CT)

```
reticular layer (reticular dermis
dense irreg CT)
~~~

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11
Q

what are the two tissues that make up the hypodermis

A

adipose and dense irreg CT

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12
Q

best stain to see connective tissue

A

thrichrome stain

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13
Q

thrichrome stain- what colour are RBC

A

orange

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14
Q

thrichrome stain-what colour is epithelium

A

red

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15
Q

thrichrome stain what colour are ECM fibres

A

blue/purple

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16
Q

does the reticular dermis only contain CT

A

no, it contains other things such as glands blood vessels etc.

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17
Q

is the sucataneous layer part of the skin

A

no

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18
Q

whats another name for epidermis

A

epithelium

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19
Q

the emidermis can be divided into 4-5 layers, what are they called (bottom to top)

A 
stratum basale 
stratum spinosum 
stratum granulsom
(((stratum lucidum)))
stratum corneum
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20
Q

which of the five layers of epidermis can only be seen in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

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21
Q

under a LM how do you know you are looking at thick skin (3)

A

the presence of stratum lucidum stratum

and a very large layer of statum corneum (the dead cell layer)

the waviness ( fingerprints)

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22
Q

in the epidermis which three layers are the living layers

A

stratum basal
stratum spinosum
statum granulosum

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23
Q

what is the statum corneum made up of

A

dead cells, so sell membranes filled with keratin- protein , hence the acidophilic stain

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24
Q

what cells make up the epidermis

A

keratinocytes - epithelial cells of the skin

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25
Q

how does the shape of cells change throughout the epidermis

A

bottom to top

cuboidal, irregular spiny, flattened with granules, squamous

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26
Q

what happens to keratinocytes suring their life span

A

they undergo a process called keratinisation

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27
Q

describe the process of kerainisation

A

keratinocytes fill with tonofilaments (intermediate fillaments)
and keratohyalin granules and they secrete a glycolipid (lamellar bodies) that waterproofs the skin by coating the outside of each cells

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28
Q

what do keratinocytes fill with suring keratinisation (2)

A

tono filaments

and keratohyalin granules

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29
Q

what type of filaments are tonofilaments

A

intermediate filaments

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30
Q

what is the name of the glypolipid secreted by keratinocytes that are undergoing keratinisation

A

lamellar bodies

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31
Q

statum basale sits on the

A

basal membrane

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32
Q

what is the shape of the cells found in the stratum basale

A

cuboidal or low columnar

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33
Q

what types of cell junctions are found in the stratum basal (2)

A

hemidesmosomes

desmosomes

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34
Q

cells in the stratum basale may contain …..granules

A

melanin

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35
Q

what do melanin granules do

A

protect nuclei of cells from UV radiation

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36
Q

melanin granules are produces by a cell called…

A

melanocytes

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37
Q

what process undergone by cells in the statum basale is responsible for the constant production of keratinocytes

A

mitosis

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38
Q

are non-keratinocytes found in the stratum basale

A

yes

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39
Q

what non-keratinocytes are found in the stratum basale (2)

A

melainocytes

merkel cells

40
Q

what are merkel cells

A

special types of sensory receptor cells that allows us to detect touch

41
Q

when keratinocytes undergoe mitosis in the stratum basale what happens to the two daughter cells

A

one stay behind - stem cell

the other moves out into the stratum spinosum

42
Q

in the stratum spinosum, or the prickle cells layer, cells are in constant contact with eachother via ….

A

a system of intercellular bridges held together by desmosomes

43
Q

cells in the atratum spinosum layer may contain …

A

tonofilaments

more lagerhans cells

44
Q

where is the best place for lagehans cells to be identified

A

in the stratum spinosum

45
Q

in which layer is surface keratin and waterproofing substances formed

A

stratum granulosum

46
Q

cells in the stratum granulosum layer contain..(3)

A

keratohyaline granules
tonofillaments
laminar bodies

47
Q

when are lamellar bodies produces

A

at cell death

48
Q

how is keratin formed during cell death

A

keratohyaline granuels and tonofilaments combine to form keratin

49
Q

what do lamellar bodies contain

A

waterproofing phospholipid

50
Q

what makes up stratum coreum

A

dead cells willed with keratin - no nuclei or organelles

51
Q

turnover from basal cell to keratin layer varies, ….-…… days in areas with lots of friction
…….-….. days in areas of less friction

A

25-30 more friction

40-50 less friction

52
Q

what are the three types of non-keratinising epidermal cells

A

malnocytes
merkel cells
langerhans cells

53
Q

melanocytes general structure

A

cells with long ctoplasmic processes that extend between the cells

54
Q

what type of cells are merkel cells

and what are they associated with

A

sensory receptor cells

(associated with sensory nerve endings) detect touch

55
Q

what kind of cell are langerhans cells,

A

specialised dendridic cells

56
Q

why are melanocytes described as being dendritic ?

A

becuase they have dendritic-like processes

57
Q

what do melanocytes produce

A

melanin

58
Q

what is melanin produced from inside a melanocyte

A

tyrecine (an AA)

59
Q

how is melanin produced in a melanocyte

A

via enxyme called tyrecinase, which converts tyrecine into melanin

60
Q

what happensto the melanin granules that is produced/excreted from a melanocyte

A

it travels through various keratinocyes, to a keratinocyte

and protects nucleus of keratinocyte from UV radiation

61
Q

what are the three basic types of melanin

A

eumelanin
pheomelanin
neuromelanin

62
Q

what colour is eumelanin (2)

A

black and brown

63
Q

what colour is pheomelanin

A

red

64
Q

where is neuromelanin found

A

in neurons

65
Q

what types of melanin are associated with grey hair

A

black eumelanin with no other melanin

66
Q

what type of melanin are associated with blonde hair

A

brown eumalinin without any other melanin

67
Q

what type of melanin are associated with red hair

A

pheomelanin with small amounts of eumelanin

68
Q

common disease that develops from melanocytes …

A

melanoma

69
Q

where are legerhans cells found

A

found in all layers but best identified in stratum spinosum

70
Q

what is the main functional characteristic of a lagerhans cell and what is it an important component of?

A

is an antigen presenting cell and is an important component of the innate imune system

71
Q

explain the steps of function of a lagerhans cell

A

phagocytoses invading microorganisms

leaves the skin and goes to lymph node

presents it to lymphocyte to initiate an immune response

72
Q

what are the two dendritic,non keratinised cells ?

A

lagerhans

melanocytes

73
Q

on an EM what are the visual fetures that distinguish a lagerhans cell

A

pale cytoplasm and irregularly shaped nuclei

74
Q

what kind of granules are found exclusively in lagerhans cells

A

burbeck granuels

75
Q

where are merkel cells found

A

in the statum basale

76
Q

what do merkel cells respond to

A

light touch

77
Q

where are melanocytes and merkel cells found

A

stratum basale

78
Q

what are the two types of skin (three names for the first type, and one for the second)

A

thick (hairless)
glaborus
friction skin

thin (hairy skin)

79
Q

what is the primary determinant of thick glaborus skin in terms of shape and structure

A

is has deep folds on the basal surface of the epidermis (fingerprints)

80
Q

what is the point of the wavy stucture of glaborus skin

A

to increase SA and threfore better attatch the epidermis to the dermis

81
Q

what thin skins dont have hairs on them (exceptions) (3)

A

genital areas, nipples, lips

82
Q

where is thick globurus skin found

A

soles of feet and palms of hands

83
Q

areas of thin skin with no hair also coincidentally have high levels of…

A

pheomelanin

84
Q

is which layer is most of the structural difference between thick and thin skin found

A

in the sratum corneum, the other layers (the living layers) are very similar

85
Q

the dead layers (corneum and lucidum) are thicker?thinner? in thick skin

A

thicker

86
Q

dermal papillae are greatly developed in …. skin

A

thick

87
Q

what does the greatly developed papillae in the thick skin do

A

helps the strong attatchment of the dermis to the epidermis

88
Q

do both thick and thin skin have sweat glands ?

A

yes

89
Q

do both thick and thin skin have sebascous glands?

A

no, none in thick skin

90
Q

does thick or thin skin usually have more sensory receptors?

A

thick skin (think fingertips)

91
Q

what are dermal pipillae ?

A

upward projections of dermis into epidermis

92
Q

what are epidermal pegs

A

downwards projections of the epidermis into the dermis

93
Q

what is the interaction between dermal papillae and epidermal pegs

A

they interlock like interlocking fingers and increase strength of connection between dermis and epidermis

94
Q

what are the only glands found in thick skin

A

ecrine sweat glands

95
Q

what are the three types of glands found in thin skin

A

sebascous and apocrine sweat glands ecrine sweat glands

Histology (11 decks)

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