Bladder cancer Flashcards
1
Q
How common is bladder cancer?
A
7th most common cancer in the UK
Most common after the age of 40
2
Q
What is the pathology of bladder cancer?
A
- Bladder is lined with urothelium
- Most common form of transitional cell malignancy
- Bladder CIS – bladder carcinoma in situ
- TNM staging
3
Q
What are the risk factors/aetiology of bladder cancer?
A
- Male – 4 times for common
- Age
- Smoking
- Exposure to industrial chemicals/dyes e.g. benzidine
- Exposure to drugs e.g. cyclophosphamide
- Chronic inflammation e.g. schistosomiasis
4
Q
What are the signs/symptoms of bladder cancer?
A
- Painless haematuria – either microscopic or frank
- Frequency
- Urgency
- Dysuria
- Absences of bacteriuria
- Pain – due to advance/metastatic disease or clot retention
5
Q
What diseases present similarly to bladder cancer?
A
- Cystitis
- Renal cancer
- Urethral trauma
6
Q
What investigations are conducted for suspected bladder cancer?
A
- Urinalysis – exclude infection
- FBC
- U&E’s
- CT/MRI
- Cystoscopy
- Biopsy
7
Q
What are the surgical treatments for bladder cancer?
A
- Local diathermy or cystoscopic resection
* Complete macroscopic transurethral resection (TUR)
8
Q
What are the pharmacology treatments for bladder cancer?
A
- Chemotherapy
* Radiotherapy
