Pregnancy and Parturition

Question 1

at the time of ovulation the oocyte is surrounded by the

Answer 1

zone pellucide + granulosa cells

Question 2

the granulosa cells and theca cells eventually develop into the

Answer 2

corpus luteum

Question 3

the oocyte remains fertile for about

Answer 3

6-24 hours

Question 4

as the oocyte traverses through the oviduct the initial movement is

Answer 4

rapid

Question 5

why is the initial movement rapid?

Answer 5

the contraction of myoepithelial cells

Question 6

the contractions of myoepithelial cells are speeded by

Answer 6

estrogen

Question 7

overall it takes how long fro the oocyte to travel through the oviduct?

Answer 7

4 days

Question 8

where does fertilization take place?

Answer 8

the oviduct

Question 9

capacitation means what?

Answer 9

when the sperm spends some time in the female reproductive tract

Question 10

the sperm bind to what on the egg?

Answer 10

the zona pellucida

Question 11

when the zygote reaches the uterus it has developed into a

Answer 11

blastocyte

Question 12

the outer layer of cells of the zygote form the

Answer 12

placenta

Question 13

there is a limited window to which the uterus is receptive to implantation, what 2 things are needed?

Answer 13

estrogen and progesterone

Question 14

how many zygotes don’t even become blastocytes?

Answer 14

1/3-1/2

Question 15

what % of blastocytes implant

Answer 15

70-75

Question 16

how many implanted blastocytes survive to the second week?

Answer 16

1/2

Question 17

how many blastocytes that survive the second week are spontaneously aborted?

Answer 17

16%

Question 18

what are the 4 functions of the placenta?

Answer 18

gas exchange, nutrient-waste exchange, protective barrier and synthesizes and secretes hormones

Question 19

the placenta secretes 7 hormones which are

Answer 19

hCG, estrogen, progesterone, hCS, GnRH, ACTH, relaxin

Question 20

hCG secretion increases rapidly after

Answer 20

fertilization

Question 21

estrogens and progestins are first produced by what? but then get produced by what?

Answer 21

the corpus luteum but after 6 weeks get produced by the placenta

Question 22

estrogens and progestins continue to increase or decreases as pregnancy goes on?

Answer 22

increase

Question 23

which hormone levels off toward the end of pregnancy? which hormone continues to increase?

Answer 23

progestins level off, estrogen increases

Question 24

estrogens maintain 4 things

Answer 24

uterine endometrium
ductal proliferation
increasing the number of oxytocin receptor
increasing the number of gap junctions

Question 25

progestins do 5 things

Answer 25

maintain secretory function of the endometrium
maintain the decidual cells
quiet the myometrium
developing the lobules and alveoli in the breasts

Question 26

hCS is made by what?

Answer 26

syncytiotrophoblasts

Question 27

hCS does 4 things

Answer 27

increases mammary cel proliferation
increases insulin secretion
increaes lipolysis
spares glucose for fetal use

Question 28

PRL is essential for what 2 things

Answer 28

mammary development and lactation

Question 29

the placenta secretes what 4 main hormones in response to pregnancy

Answer 29

estrogen, progesterone, chrorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen

Question 30

anterior pituitary secretes what 2 hormones a lot and what 2 hormones a little

Answer 30

a lot: PRL, ACTH

little: FSH, LH

Question 31

adrenal cortex increases secretion of what 2 hormones?

Answer 31

aldosterone and cortisol

Question 32

posterior pituitary increases secretion of what hormone

Answer 32

vasopressin

Question 33

parathyroid increases secretion of what hormone?

Answer 33

PTH

Question 34

kidney increases secretion of what hormones? (3)

Answer 34

renin, EPO, vit. d

Question 35

what are the causes of increased kidney hormone secretions (3 things)

Answer 35

estrogen, progesterone, PRL

Question 36

does blood volume increase or decrease when pregnant?

Answer 36

increase