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Exam Revision > Neurology 3 > Flashcards

Neurology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is MS mediated by

A

T cells

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2
Q

pyramidal dysfunction in MS

A

Increased tone, weakness + spasticity

  • extensors of upper limbs
  • flexors of lower limbs
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3
Q

sensory dysfunction in MS

A

LOSS OF DORSAL COLUMN (fine touch + proprioception)

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4
Q

what might MS present with

A

OPTIC NEURITIS

- RAPD + painful vision loss worse on movement

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5
Q

how might brainstem plaques present in MS

A

Facial weakness – CN VII

Diplopia – CN VI

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6
Q

other than optic neuritis, what other eye condition is strongly indicative of MS

A

internuclear opthalmoplegia

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7
Q

what is internuclear opthalmoplegia

A

failure of ADDuction of the eye caused by dysfunction in the medial longitudinal fasciculus

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8
Q

Tx of fatigue in MS

A

amantadine / modafinil

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9
Q

most sensitive test for MS

A

MRI

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10
Q

what is seen in CSF in MS

A

Oligoclonal bands of IgG

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11
Q

what is baclofen

A

muscle relaxant used in MS

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12
Q

what is botulinum toxin used for

A

muscle relaxation

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13
Q

what muscle relaxant can be given in bed bound MS patients

A

intrathecal injection of baclofen / phenol

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14
Q

first line MS disease modifying treatment

A

interferon beta - avonex, rebif

tecfedira

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15
Q

what is tysabri

A

monoclonal antibody 2nd line in MS

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16
Q

Third line MS therapy

A

mitoxantrone

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17
Q

what type of MS is mitoxantrone good for

A

relapsing progressive

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18
Q

Tx first line replapsing remitting MS

A

Tecfidera

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19
Q

what is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

progressive damage/inflammation of the white matter

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20
Q

what virus causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopahty

A

JC virus

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21
Q

what drug causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

tysabri

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22
Q

most common extra axial tumour (outwith brain parenchyma)

A

meningioma

23
Q

headache worse in the morning + on coughing

vomiting, mental changes + seizures

A

increased ICP

24
Q

pre central gyrus

A

movement

25
Q

post central gyrus

A

sensory

26
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing + sense of identity

27
Q

frontal lobe

A

thought + reasoning

28
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch perception + voluntary movement

29
Q

most common adult primary brain tumour

A

glioblastoma multiforme

grade 4 astrocytoma

30
Q

who is gets pilocytic astrocytoma

A

children

31
Q

tumours associated with NF 2

A

meningioma

vestibular schwannoma

32
Q

which conditions are associated with glioblastoma syndrome

A

NF Type 1

Turcot syndrome - tumour due to mismatch repair mutations

33
Q

what is turcot syndrome

A

autosomal dominant multiple adenomatous colon polyps

- increased risk of colon + brain malignancy

34
Q

spread of glioblastoma multiform

A

via CSF

35
Q

What is corpus callosum

A

joins the two cerebral hemispheres

36
Q

where do oligodendroglial tumours occur

A

FRONTAL LOBES

  • adults age 25-45
  • present with seizures
37
Q

how are subarachnoid accumulations in oligodendroglial tumours described as looking

A

toothpaste morphology

38
Q

Tx of oligodendroglial tumours

A

surgery + chemo

39
Q

most common form of meningioma

A

globes meningioma

- appears like a fried egg

40
Q

what is a vestibular schwannoma

A

benign tumour of Schwann cells in the vestibular portion of cranial nerve

41
Q

what should be suspected if there is a bilateral vestibular schwannoma

A

NF II

42
Q

what reflex is lost in vestibular schwannoma

A

corneal reflex

43
Q

first line Ix for vestibular schwannoma

A

audiogram

44
Q

what is PLAP a marker of

A

germinoma

45
Q

what is beta HCG a marker of

A

choriocarcinoma

46
Q

what is alpha fetoprotein a marker of

A

yolk sac tumour / teratoma

47
Q

unilateral throbbing headache worse on movement, lasts 4-72 hours associated nausea + vomiting + photophobia

A

migraine

48
Q

physiology of migraine

A

vascular spasm due to stress induced release of serotonin

substance P irritates nerves + blood vessels – pain

49
Q

what is an aura

A

visual/sensory/motor/language symptoms
last 20-60 mins
headache follows <1 hours later

50
Q

what medication can be used in an acute migraine

A

triptans

- 5HT agonists

51
Q

prophylaxis of migraines

A

beta blockers
topiramate
amitriptyline

52
Q

what dose of folic acid is given in normal pregnancy i.e. no underlying conditions

A

400 micrograms

53
Q

what dose of folic acid is given in epilepsy? (at risk of neural tube defects due to anti-epileptics)

A

5mg

54
Q

when should you start folic acid in pregnancy

A

3 months prior to pregnancy

continue for 3 months into pregnancy

Exam Revision (32 decks)

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