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1
Q

function of supraspinous ligament

A

connects tips of spinous processes

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2
Q

function of interspinous ligament

A

connects surfaces of spinous processes

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3
Q

function of ligamentum flavum

A

connects adjacent laminae

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4
Q

function of posterior longitudinal ligament

A

prevents over flexion

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5
Q

function of anterior longitudinal ligament

A

prevents over extension

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6
Q

function of erector spinae

A

back extension + lateral flexion

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7
Q

order of structures passed through on administering spinal anaesthetic

A 
supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament 
ligamentum flavum 
epidural space
dura
arachnoid
subarachnoid space
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8
Q

what vertebral level is the hyoid

A

C3

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9
Q

function of Atlanto-occipital joint

A

‘nods the head’ - the YES joint

flexion + extension of the neck

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10
Q

function of atlanto-axial joint

A

‘shakes the head’ - the NO joint

rotation of the head

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11
Q

what nerve supplies anatomical snuff box

A

radial

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12
Q

what nerve is stimulated in a carotid sinus massage

A

glossopharyngeal

- visceral afferent to carotid sinus baroreceptors + carotid Body chemoreceptors

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13
Q

what chromosome is affected in

  • NF 1
  • NF 2
A

NF 1 - 17

NF 2 - 22

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14
Q

which form of neurofibromatosis is associated with bilateral acoustic neuromas

A

NF 2

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15
Q

electromyography in motor neurone disease

A

decreased number of AP with increased amplitude

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16
Q

what seizures can carbamazepine exacerbate

A

absence seizures

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17
Q

what causes sydenham chorea

A

group A strep

  • occurs in children
  • chorea of all 4 limbs + behaviour change + dysarthria + gait disturbance
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18
Q

single palmar crease

A

Down syndrome

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19
Q

chance of carrying CF in general population

A

1 in 24

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20
Q

pregnant woman with healthy daughter and son with CF. what is the chance

  • her baby will be affected
  • her daughter is a carrier
  • risk to a child that the daughter has if she marries an unaffected man
A

1 in 4 chance baby is affected
2/3 chance daughter is a carrier
1 in 144 chance

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21
Q

what is the lie of a baby

A

the relation of the longitudinal axis of the foetus to the uterus

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22
Q

what is the vertex of the baby

A

area between anterior + posterior fontanelles + parietal eminences
highest point on the foetus’s head

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23
Q

what is the presentation of the feotus

A

the leading part of the foetus which occupies the lower pole of the uterus

  • the presenting part to the maternal pelvis
  • i.e. cephalic/breech
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24
Q

when is a foetus said to be engaged

A

when the widest part of the head has passed through the pelvic inlet

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25
Q

Tx SAH

A

dexomethasone

nimodipine

26
Q

migraine prophylaxis in women of childbearing age

A

propanolol

27
Q

what is often ruptured in extra dural haemorrhage

A

middle meningeal artery

28
Q

what is ruptured in subdural haemorrhage

A

cerebral veins

29
Q

who gets subdural haemorrhages

A

elderly + alcoholics

30
Q

macula sparing

A

lesion in occipital cortex

31
Q

what arteries arise from the coeliac trunk

A

left gastric artery
splenic
common hepatic

32
Q

what level is the IVC formed

A

L5

33
Q

what forms the portal vein

A

splenic + superior mesenteric vein

34
Q

painful CN 3 palsy

A

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm until proven otherwise

35
Q

what nerve supplies dura

A

trigeminal

36
Q

diethylstilbestrol

A

given to mothers to treat recurrent miscarriage

- can cause adenocarcinomas in girl children from mothers who take this

37
Q

antigen presenting cells in the skin

A

langerhans cells

38
Q

tx of TCA overdose

A

IV bicarbonate

39
Q

investigation of lymphoma

A

removal of whole lymph node

40
Q

specificity

A

everyone who gets the test who comes back negative, is negative

41
Q

sensitivity

A

number of people who have the illness who are identified as positive

42
Q

someone eating chalk

A

picca

43
Q

eosinophilic inclusion bodies

A

Lewy bodies

44
Q

disulfaram

A

post alcohol detoxification

45
Q

pabrinex

A

wernickes

46
Q

when do seizures occur post alcohol withdrawal

A

36 hours

47
Q

alcohol use findings

A

GGT
Raised MCV
Carbohydrate deficient transferrin

48
Q

patau syndrome

A

trisomy 13

49
Q

where are new memories made

A

hippocampus

50
Q

amydygala

A

stress response

51
Q

drugs that cause falls

A 
TCAs
Typical antipsychotics- chlorpromazine/haloperidol
Oxybutynin
ropinerole 
chlorphenamine
52
Q

what is ITP

A

autoimmune destruction of platelets

53
Q

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

A 
schistocytes
bloody diarrhoea 
renal failure 
abdo cramps 
blood in urine 
low platelets
54
Q

TTP

A

Schistocytes (fragmented RBC)

a form of microangiopathic haemolysis anaemia

55
Q

increased red cells on lumbar puncture

A

viral encephalitis

56
Q

restitution

A

this is the spontaneous realignment of the head with the shoulders

57
Q

what is the position of the foetus

A

in relation to the presenting part

e.g. occipitut for cephalic, sacrum for breech

58
Q

reflex anoxic seizure

A

bump to the head causes transient asystole + collapse

59
Q

nasal trauma + blocked nose

A

septoplasty

60
Q

contraception used in breast cancer

A

IUD

Barrier methods

61
Q

avoidant attachment

A

This child often fails to cry when separated from the parent, avoids and ignores the parent when reunited

62
Q

ambivalent attachment

A

angry when caregiver goes away

after a separation, these children fail to take comfort in the parent when reunited

Exam Revision (32 decks)

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