Wk6- The Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

There are 3 muscle types.

What are they ?

Answer 1

1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac

Question 2

Skeletal muscle 
Skeletal muscle is numerous in the human body and supports posture and positioning.
Movement is via - and relaxation
Movement is -
Muscle fibres are - and cylindrical

Answer 2

Contraction
Voluntary
Long

Question 3

Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle is widely distributed in the body.
Is found within - and vessels
Smooth muscle fibres are s? shaped
Movement is made by - contractions
Smooth muscle is found within the circulatory, respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems

Answer 3

Organs
Spindle
Involuntary

Question 4

Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle pumps blood around the body.
Cardiac muscle is made of - branching fibres
Contraction is -

Answer 4

Short

Involuntary

Question 5

Skeletal muscle organisation
There are 3 layers of skeletal muscle

1.Epimysium: is the most - layer.
It surrounds the muscle and consists of c? fibres
2.Perimysium: is the - layer. It surrounds each muscle fibre bundle -?
It consists of c? fibres blood vessels and nerves
3.Endomysium: is the most - layer.
It surrounds individual muscle fibres.
It contains ca? satellite cells and nerve fibres.

Answer 5

1. External , collagen
2. Intermediate , fascicle, collagen
3. Internal , capillaries

Question 6

Fascicle pattern and muscle shape:
Muscle shapes are based on fascicle patterns 
A fascicle is a - of muscle fibres.
There are 6 patterns 
1.P-                             4.C-
2.C-                             5.S-
3.P-                             6.F

Answer 6

Bunch

1. Parallel
2. Convergent
3. Pennate
4. Circular
5. Spiral
6. Fusiform

Question 7

Muscle shapes and fascicle patterns:

Parallel: along the same -
Convergent: broad to narrow p-
Pennate: shape like - pasta. On a - axis for high tension areas
Circular: sphincter c?/ p? and relax
Spiral: suppernate/ -
Fusiform: s? shaped and pinched at the ends

Answer 7

Axis
Narrow point 
Penne , diagonal 
Contract pinch 
Rotate 
Spindle

Question 8

Structure of muscle fibres :

Skeletal muscle consists of bundles of myo? consisting of repeated units called sarco?
Myofibrils =
Contain contractile protein fibres myo?
Thin filament = A?
Thick filament = M?
Surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum and ? tubules
Arranged into sections called s?

Answer 8

Myofibrils, sarcomeres 
Myofilaments 
Actin 
Myosin 
T tubules 
Sarcomeres

Question 9

Levers class type:
There are 3 classes
1. First- (basketball) f- between f- and r-
2. Second- (tip toes) r- between f- and f-
3. Third- (fishing) f- between f- and r-

Answer 9

Fulcrum force resistance
Resistance fulcrum force
Force fulcrum resistance

Question 10

The 4 Functional groups:

1. Agonist: - force
2. Antagonist: - force ,relaxation
3. Synergist: helps - add force
4. Fixator: - joint area

Answer 10

Increases force
No force
Agonist
Stabilises

Question 11

Joints / articulations 
There are 3 types of joints 
1. F- 
Strongest  
2. C- 
3.S-
Weakest

Answer 11

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Question 12

Fibrous Joints
Bones are held by dense - tissue
Im? strong joints
Types of Fibrous joints:
1. S? = coronal suture (skull bones) dense regular collagen connective tissue
2. Gomphosis = osseous pocket and periodontal ligament
3. Syndesmosis = radius and ulna held by dense regular collagenous connective tissue

Answer 12

Connective
immovable
Suture

Question 13

Cartilaginous joints

Bones are held together by ?
There is some degree of m?
The s? is limited
Types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondroses= epiphyseal plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis in bone.
Sympheses= intervertebral joint = intervertebral disc and vertebrae
*(further examples=pubic symphysis or joints between ribs and cartilage)

Answer 13

Cartilage
Movement
Strength

Question 14

Synovial joints

A w? range of movement 
- of all the 3 
Synovial fluid - and protects 
Synovial cavity present 
Example of Synovial joint:
Articular capsule bridging between femur and tibia/fibula. Articular capsule = fibrous outer layer, articular cartilage, synovial membrane and synovial fluid.

Answer 14

Wide
Weakest
Lubricates

Question 15

Major muscles

Shoulder: 
D-
Arm: 
B- brachii
T- brachii 
B

Answer 15

Deltoid

Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Brachialis

Question 16

Major muscles:

Thorax and abdomen
Pectoralis m-
Inter-
R- abdominus 
External O-

Answer 16

Major
Intercostals
Rectus abdominus
Oblique

Question 17

Major muscles

Neck and back:
T-
Lat- dorsi

Hip:
Gluteus m
G- maximus

Answer 17

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi

Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus

Question 18

Major muscles

Thigh:
Q- (Front)
H- (Rear)

Calf:
Sol-
Gastroc-

Answer 18

Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Soleus
Gastrocnemius

Question 19

Activation of skeletal muscle:

Action potential is generated in a m? neuron
Signal is transferred across sy? to muscle at neuromuscular junction
ACh (Acetyl?) causes de? of muscle fibre down the sar? and T ? De? occurs by ion channels opening and -a+ enters the muscle fibre.
In turn this
= causes release of -a++ within Myofibril.
A? and m? fibres bind and ?

Answer 19

Motor 
Synapse 
Acetylcholine , Depolarisation , Sarcolemma , tubule
Depolarisation, Na+ 
Ca++
Actin, myosin , contract