6.9 Group Dynamics Flashcards
group formation
a group is 2 or more people who;
- interact with ecah other
- share a common goal
- have mutual awareness
- have a collective identity
tuckmans model
suggested there are 4 stages that a group goes through in order to begin working together effectively.
4 stages
- forming
- storming
- norming performing
- forming
- group members initially get together
- roles and responsibilties unclear
- members start to work together
- members decide if they’ll fit in with team
- storming
- many teams fail at this stage as conflict
- relationships strained
- comps for positions / roles
- boundries pushed
- goal unclear or questioned
- norming
- conflicts resolved
- goal clarified
- greater commitment to achieving goal
- authority figures respected
- appreciation of teammates strengths
- group cohesion develops - socia + task
- performing
- players interact effectively
- full commitment to achieving team goals
- individual roles and responsibilities are understood completely
group cohesion
the more cohesive a team is the more successful the team is and visversa
2 types of cohesion;
- task
- social
both are reasons for being attracted to a group. i.e. both share same goal and your friends are on the same team
task cohesion
- when group members work in unity to meet a common aim. may not socialise away from team and may not share veiws.
- however in order to achieve potential in sporting arena they come together and get good results
- rely on eachothers timing and co-ordination
social cohesion
- when group members get along and feel attached to others
- communicate and support both in and out of sporting arena.
- important in co-active sports where you perform individually but your effort contributes to whole team performance
Carron’s antecedents
suggested there are 4 factors that affect task and social cohesion, these factors can bring together a team and make them more effective.
1. personal - level of motivation shown, satisfaction with group, characteristics
2. environmental - whether player has contract or scholarship, location
3. leadership - leadership style + relationship between leader + group members
4. team - stability of group, common experiences in victory + defeat
steiners model of group performance
proposed that results of group effort could be based on an equation that sums up the influences of cohesion;
actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
- actual productivity = teams level of achievement in a specific task
- potential productivity = team best possible level of achievement when cohesive
- losses due to faulty processes = things that go wrong. reduce level of cohesion + then lower actual productivity
problems teams may face that could effect productivity (suggested by steiner)
- coordination problems
- team members failing to understand role in group
- lack of understanding of tactics + strategies
- ringleman effect
- motivation losses
social loafing
the ringleman effect
- is a faulty process which can have detrimental effect on cohesion + attaintement of a team
- was suggested after tug-of-war experiement showed that 8 ppts failed to pulll 8 times as hard as a single ppt
- therefore found that as number of people in group increases, level of performance in individuals in groups decreases
- suggested that reduction in performance in tug-of-war was due to lack of co-ordination. however later study showed that it may be due to reduction on motivation
social loafing
where perfomer lowers level of effort they contribute to team as they believe that they are not valued and input is not noticed.if coach doesnt praise when feel as if played well, will cause you to eventually give up. other factors that may cause performer to social loaf;
- no clear role in group
- low confidence
- teammates not trying
- poor leader
- experience high levels of state/trait anxitey
- carrying an injury
- experiencing social inhibition as result of offensive crowd
strategies to improve team perfomances
- highlight individual performances
- give specific roles
- devlop social cohesion
- praise cohesive behaviour
- raise individuals confidence
- encourage groups identity
- effective leaders
- emphasise team goal
- punish social loafing
- grooving set plays
- training with audience present
