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A Level Biology > Response - Homeostasis: Key Terms > Flashcards

Response - Homeostasis: Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

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2
Q

Control mechanism

A

A set of self-regulating stages comprising of: optimum point, receptor, coordinator, effector and feedback loop

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3
Q

Ectotherm

A

An animal which gains its heat from its external environment

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4
Q

Endotherm

A

An animal which gain its heat from internal metabolic activities

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5
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening the diameter of arterioles near the surface of the skin, so that warm blood passes close to its surface via capillaries

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6
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing the diameter of arterioles near the surface of the skin, so that less blood volume passes close to its surface via capillaries, retaining heat

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7
Q

Hypothalmus

A

Part of the brain next to the pituitary gland; the control centre for the ANS

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8
Q

Second messenger model

A

The way a non-lipid soluble hormone acts on a cell, by triggering production of an intermediary ‘second’ messenger (by activating adenyl cyclase?)

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9
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin dependent, due to body being unable to produce insulin

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10
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Insulin independent, due to glycoprotein receptors on body cells losing responsiveness to insulin

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11
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Conversion of non-carbohydrates into glucose in the liver

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12
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver

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13
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver

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14
Q

Negative feedback

A

When the feedback causes the corrective measures to be turned off so returns the system to its original level

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15
Q

Positive feedback

A

When the feedback causes the corrective measures to be turned on so the system deviates even further from its original level

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16
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The homeostatic control of the water potential of the blood

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17
Q

Nephron

A

The functional unit of the kdiney

18
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

An outer membrane which protects the kidney

19
Q

Cortex

A

A lighter coloured outer region made up of renal (Bowman’s) capsules, convoluted tubules and blood vessels

20
Q

Medulla

A

A darker coloured inner region made up of loops of Henle, collecting ducts and blood vessels

21
Q

Renal pelvis

A

A funnel-shaped cavity that collects urine into the ureter

22
Q

Ureter

A

A tube that carries urine to the bladder

23
Q

Renal artery

A

Supplies the kidney with blood from the heart via the aorta

24
Q

Renal vein

A

Returns blood to the heart via the vena cava

25
Q

Renal (Bowman’s) capsule

A

The closed end at the start of a nephron

26
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

A series of loops surrounded by blood capillaries which are adapted to reabsorb substance into the blood

27
Q

Loop of Henle

A

A long, hairpin loop that extends from the cortex into the medulla of the kidney and back again

28
Q

Descending limb of loop of Henle

A

Narrow, thin walls that are highly permeable to water. The filtrate progressively loses water by osmosis as it moves down the limb

29
Q

Ascending limb of loop of Henle

A

Wider, with thick walls that are impermeable to water. Sodium ions are actively transported out of this limb which creates a lower water potential in the region of the medulla between the two limbs

30
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

A series of loops surrounded by blood capillaries

31
Q

Collecting duct

A

A tube into which a number of distal convoluted tubules from a number of nephrons empty

32
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

A tiny vessel that ultimately arises from the renal artery and supplies the nephron with blood

33
Q

Glomerulus

A

A many-branched knot of capillaries from which fluid is forced out of the blood

34
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

A tiny vessel that leaves the renal capsule

35
Q

Blood capillaries

A

A concentrated network of capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule and from where they reabsorb mineral salts, glucose and water

36
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Filtration assisted by blood pressure

37
Q

Reabsorption of water

A

Process by which all of the glucose and most other valuable molecules are reabsorbed as well as water in the proximal convoluted tubule

38
Q

Counter-current multiplier

A

When two liquids flow in opposite directions past one another, the exchange of substance between them is greater than if they flow in the same direction next to each other

39
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Cells in the hypothalmus of the brain that detect a change in water potential

40
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland when a decrease in water potential is detected, which makes the walls f the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct more permeable to water

A Level Biology (75 decks)

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