7 - Historical Continuity and Geographic Regions Flashcards
This deck focuses on the chronological understanding of historical events and geographic literacy. It covers the analysis of historical documents, the role of individuals, groups, and movements in shaping history.
1
Q
Define:
social sciences
A
Academic fields that study human interactions, lives and societies.
They generally have a scientific focus and rely on the scientific method
2
Q
Define:
chronological thinking
A
Organizing data in order of events to create a timeline.
Helps to contextualize data, revealing patterns related to historical events.
3
Q
Explain:
What does spatial thinking focus on?
A
Movement and interaction with physical space.
Utilizes geographic information systems (GIS) to map human interaction.
4
Q
Explain:
What does thematic thinking involve?
A
Organizing data around specific subjects or themes in order to pick up on things we would have otherwise missed.
Helps identify trends that may be missed through chronological or spatial thinking.
5
Q
Define:
quantitative data
A
Calculable, numeric information that can be measured.
Examples include average income and lifespan statistics.
6
Q
Define:
qualitative data
A
Information that cannot be calculated or measured.
Includes personal expressions such as poems and beliefs.
7
Q
Explain:
How do calendars assist historians?
A
They help them visualize the progression of events and understand their relationships chronologically.
Calendars make it possible to quantify historical timeframes.
8
Q
Explain:
How do maps aid historians?
A
They help identify connections between events and understand broader geographical themes.
Maps can reveal relationships between historical events that occurred simultaneously.
9
Q
Explain:
What is the primary purpose of visual representations in historical analysis?
A
To interpret data from the past and condense complicated information.
Visual aids help reduce misunderstandings by presenting information in a clear manner.
10
Q
Explain:
In historical studies, when is a graph or chart preferred over a map?
A
When examining quantities that change over time.
For example, studying population growth is better represented with a chart.
11
Q
Identify:
What is the most common visual representation that helps understand societal attitudes?
A
political cartoons
Cartoons can encapsulate the sentiments of society and influence historical perceptions.
12
Q
Define:
primary source
A
First-hand account of an event, such as documents and objects created during the time being examined.
Examples include:
- A sword from the Middle Ages
- The original Declaration of Independence.
13
Q
Explain:
How do primary sources enhance a historical paper?
A
They provide the real flavor and make it interesting.
14
Q
Define:
secondary source
A
Source written by individuals who did not see the act in question.
Examples: Scholarly papers, lectures, encyclopedias, books
15
Q
Explain:
What is the difference between primary and secondary sources?
A
- Primary sources contain firsthand knowledge.
- Secondary sources are based on research without firsthand knowledge.
Example: A diary is a primary source. A book about that diary is a secondary source.
16
Q
Define:
bias
Context of historical sources.
A
When a source is slanted towards or against a person, event, or regime due to the creator’s personal beliefs, cultural context, or societal norms.
17
Q
Explain:
Why it is important for historians to avoid sources with too much bias?
A
- Lead to inaccurate or incomplete understandings of the past.
- Distort historical narratives.
- Perpetuate harmful stereotypes.
Best history texts use sources that show multiple viewpoints.
18
Q
Explain:
What is the first question historians must ask about a source?
A
Is this source genuine and authentic?
Historians need to determine if their sources are genuine and not misleading.
19
Q
Explain:
The importance of authenticity in historical analysis.
A
It ensures the reliability of the information presented.
Misleading sources can lead to incorrect conclusions about historical events.
20
Q
Define:
relevance
Context of historical sources.
A
The information must be pertinent to the topic being studied.
For example, a source on the Battle of Britain is irrelevant when studying the Norman Invasion of England.
21
Q
Define:
authority
Context of historical sources.
A
The overall trustworthiness of a source based on their credentials.
22
Q
Define:
fact
A
Something that is unchanging and can be objectively verified.
Examples include:
- The Earth revolves around the sun.
- Human beings walk on two legs.
23
Q
Define:
opinion
A
It is a subjective statement and reflects one person’s particular view.
Examples include:
- Pizza is the most delicious food.
- Neil Gaiman is a fantastic writer.
24
Q
Explain:
Importance of historical facts.
A
They provide a factual account of past events that can be verified.
Examples include:
- George Washington was from Virginia.
- The Berlin Wall came down in 1989.
25
# Describe:
historical opinion
Often referred to as **interpretation**, answers questions of 'how' and 'why' based on historical facts.
## Footnote
Examples include interpretations about feminism's effect on flappers in the 1920s.
26
# Explain:
What happens when a **historical interpretation** gains enough evidence?
It can become incorporated as a **historical fact**.
## Footnote
Historical facts are continually uncovered through scholarly research.
27
# Define:
historical methodology
The process by which historians gather evidence, evaluate it and interpret historical change over time.
## Footnote
It encompasses analysis, critical evaluation and critical thinking.
28
# Define:
historical evidence
Anything directly related to an event, person or period of the past that reveals information about it.
## Footnote
Helps historians better understand historical events.
29
# Define:
oral tradition
The practice of **passing stories or information verbally** across generations, important for preserving culture and history.
## Footnote
It is particularly significant in societies without a written language.
Historians recognize that today’s version of the story may differ from that of a century ago, but it still offers valuable insights into the people and culture.
30
# Identify:
What are **evaluation procedures** historians use when determining the value of evidence?
* Context
* Author
* Bias
* Reliability
31
# Explain:
What is the role **bias** plays in historical analysis?
Historians must **evaluate sources** for bias to assess their **reliability** and **validity**.
## Footnote
Sources with less bias are generally considered more valuable.
32
# Explain:
The significance of evaluating the **context of a source**.
It **helps historians assess** the **reliability** and potential bias of the source.
## Footnote
This evaluation is crucial for drawing accurate conclusions.
33
# Explain:
Why is it important to use **multiple sources**?
* Helps confirm historical events.
* Provides a **more reliable interpretation**.
## Footnote
Agreement among sources strengthens conclusions.
34
# Identify:
The founder of **Islam**.
The Prophet Muhammad
## Footnote
Islam was founded in 610 AD in what is now the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
35
# Identify:
When was **Muhammad** born?
Around **570 AD** in Mecca.
## Footnote
Mecca is the most important city in Islam.
36
# Identify:
What does "**Allah**" translate to?
The God
## Footnote
Allah is considered the one true God in Islam.
37
# Identify:
What significant event occurred in **610 AD** involving **Muhammad**?
The Angel Gabriel appeared to him.
## Footnote
This marked the beginning of his prophethood.
38
# Identify:
The Five Pillars of Islam.
* Shahada (profession of faith)
* Salah (prayer)
* Zakat (almsgiving)
* Sawm (fasting during Ramadan)
* Haj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
## Footnote
These are fundamental acts of worship and practice in Islam.
39
# Define:
imperialism
| Context of European powers.
The process of European nations building overseas empires outside of Europe, beginning with Columbus in 1492 and ending in the mid-20th century.
## Footnote
This process significantly influenced world history and culture.
40
# Identify:
The primary **European colonial powers** from the late 15th to 19th centuries.
* Spain
* Portugal
* France
* England
* The Netherlands
## Footnote
Germany, Italy and Belgium emerged as new powers in the 19th century.
41
# Identify:
What caused the creation of new countries such as Germany and Italy in the 19th century?
nationalism
## Footnote
Nationalism fostered a sense of superiority among people sharing a common language and ethnicity.
42
# Explain:
The Scramble for Africa.
The period **between 1881 and 1914** when European nations sought to acquire territory in Africa.
## Footnote
This led to the colonization of regions such as Egypt and Nigeria.
43
# Identify:
3 motivations for **European imperialism**.
1. Economic growth.
1. Rivalry between nations.
1. Moral superiority.
44
# Explain:
What were the **economic benefits** European powers sought from imperialism?
* Access to vast natural resources.
* New trade markets.
## Footnote
Key resources included slaves, gold, and cotton.
45
# Identify:
Effects of **European colonization**.
* Slavery
* Genocide
* Exploitation of natural resources
* Colonial subjugation
* Civil wars
* World War I
## Footnote
These effects had lasting impacts on colonized societies.
46
# Define:
suffragette
A woman who advocated for the **right of women to vote**.
## Footnote
Susan B. Anthony is considered an icon of the suffragette movement.
47
# Identify:
The purpose of the **13th Amendment** to the Constitution.
Abolishing slavery.
48
# Explain:
What was the **19th Amendment** and when was it ratified?
* It **gave women the right to vote**.
* Ratified in **1920**.
49
# Identify:
The date **Abraham Lincoln** was born.
February 12, **1809**.
## Footnote
He was orn in Hardin County, Kentucky.
50
# Explain:
How did Lincoln use the telegraph during the **Civil War**?
* **Real-time intelligence**: Lincoln received up-to-the-minute updates on battlefield conditions, troop movements, and enemy intelligence.
* **Direct command and control**: He could issue orders to generals, coordinate strategies, and oversee military operations in real-time.
## Footnote
He used it to communicate directly with battlefield leaders.
51
# Explain:
What did the **Emancipation Proclamation** do?
**Freed slaves in Confederate states**: It applied to areas still in rebellion against the Union, but not to border states that remained loyal to the Union.
52
# Explain:
Lincoln's 3 goals for **Reconstruction**.
1. Leniency towards the South (Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan).
2. Avoiding harsh punishments.
3. Preserving the Union.
## Footnote
He aimed to help the South without severe punishment.
53
# Explain:
What is the significance of the **Gettysburg Address**?
* **Redefined the War's Purpose**: Lincoln elevated the Civil War from a struggle for Union to a fight for equality and liberty.
* **Immortalized Sacrifice and Unity**: He honored fallen soldiers and reinforced the importance of preserving the Union.
## Footnote
It is one of the most famous speeches in history.
54
# Explain:
Significance of the **Industrial Revolution** in Europe
* Occured in the middle of the 18th century.
* Transformed rural and agrarian societies into economies dominated by industry and machines.
55
# Identify:
What caused the **rise of capitalism** during the Industrial Revolution?
The end of **feudalism**.
## Footnote
Capitalism transformed the feudal order into a commercial and monetary society.
56
# Identify:
4 **raw materials** that were crucial to the development of the **Industrial Revolution** in Europe.
1. Coal
1. Timber
1. Cotton
1. Gold
## Footnote
These materials were essential for the development of various industries.
57
# Explain:
The role wealthy entrepreneurs played in the **Industrial Revolution**.
They financed factories and promoted industrialization.
58
# Identify:
**Environmental impacts** of the **Industrial Revolution** in Europe and America.
* Reduction of the planet's natural resources.
* Widespread water and air pollution.
* Destruction of wildlife habitat.
* Biodiversity reduction.
59
# Identify:
**Economic impacts** of the Industrial Revolution in Europe and America.
* More effective agricultural harvesting.
* Rail transportation.
* Energy production.
* Lowered cost of goods due to mass production.
* New manufacturing machines and factories.
* New employment opportunities.
60
# Explain:
Who was **Samuel Slater** and what did he achieve within the context of the Industrial Revolution?
* American industriallist in the early 19th century.
* Brought textile manufacturing to the U.S. by building the **first water-powered mill**.
## Footnote
His invention sparked the American Industrial Revolution.
61
# Explain:
Who was **Henry Cort** and what did he achieve?
* English ironware producer in the 1700s.
* Invented the **puddling process** for mass-producing wrought iron, revolutionizing the iron industry.
62
# Identify:
What was **James Hargreaves** contribution to the Industrial Revolution?
Invented the **spinning jenny** in 1764.
## Footnote
This invention decreased labor and saved money in transporting raw materials and finished products.
63
# Identify:
One of **James Watt**'s important inventions in the context of the Industrial Revolution.
Improved the Newcomen engine, which made **steam engines** more efficient.
## Footnote
He also patented the rotary engine and double-action engine.
The unit of power, the watt, is named after him.
64
# Explain:
**Eli Whitney**'s contributions to the Industrial Revolution.
* **Cotton Gin** (1793): revolutionized cotton production.
* **Interchangeable Parts** (1798): pioneered the concept of manufacturing standardized, identical parts that could be used to assemble various product.
65
# Identify:
What was the **Industrial Revolution**'s most significant transformation in regards to the **social structure**?
It increased the **gap** between the rich and the poor.
## Footnote
Factory owners became wealthy while workers faced difficult conditions.
66
# Identify:
The period during which the **Industrial Revolution** occurred in the **United States of America**.
Between 1820 and 1870.
67
# Identify:
Who was **Eleanor Roosevelt**?
**First Lady** of the United States.
| She was married to Franklin D. Roosevelt.
## Footnote
She was the longest-serving First Lady in history.
68
# Identify:
Unique characteristic of **Eleanor Roosevelt**'s time as First Lady.
She was the first First Lady to hold her own press conferences.
## Footnote
She was also the first to speak at a national party convention.
This was part of her effort to redefine the role of First Lady.
69
# Identify:
The significant political and social movements **Eleanor Roosevelt** supported.
* Civil Rights
* Women's Rights
* African American Rights
## Footnote
She was outspoken about these issues during her time.
70
# Describe:
The New Deal
* **Relief**: Provide immediate relief to those suffering from the effects of the Great Depression, such as unemployment and poverty.
* **Recovery**: Restore the economy to pre-Depression levels and promote economic growth.
* **Reform**: Implement long-term reforms to prevent future economic crises and create a more stable economy.
71
# Explain:
Who was **Mohandas Gandhi**?
* **Mahatma Gandhi** (full name is Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, India.
* He **led the movement against British rule** in India using nonviolent protest.
72
# Describe:
What significant experience did **Gandhi** had in **South Africa**?
He experienced **discrimination** against Indian immigrants, notably when he was asked to remove his turban in court.
## Footnote
This prompted him to become a social activist.
73
# Explain:
**The Salt March** of 1930.
It was a **peaceful protest against British taxes on salt**, where thousands marched from Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea.
## Footnote
Nearly sixty thousand people were arrested during this movement.
74
# Define:
satyagraha
It means using **truth in nonviolent fights** against oppressors.
## Footnote
This principle was a cornerstone of Gandhi's philosophy.
75
# Describe:
**Gandhi's beliefs** regarding nonviolence.
He believed in ***ahimsa***, or nonviolence towards all living things.
## Footnote
This belief was influenced by his upbringing in the **Vaishnavism** faith and teachings from **Jainism**.
76
# Define:
The **Quit India** movement.
It was a campaign demanding Indian independence from British rule during World War II.
## Footnote
Gandhi's speech during this time sparked significant political activism.
77
What did **Gandhi advocate for** regarding the caste system?
The **fair treatment of all individuals**, including those suppressed by the caste system.
## Footnote
His views often conflicted with other leaders, such as B.R. Ambedkar.
78
# Identify:
The 4 **phases of the women's rights movement** in the United States.
1. **First Wave** - Women's right to vote.
1. **Second Wave** - Workplace equality, reproductive rights, and challenging traditional gender roles.
1. **Third Wave** - Intersectionality, diversity, and challenging mainstream feminism.
1. **Fourth Wave** - Online activism, sexual harassment, and consent culture.
## Footnote
Each wave addresses different issues and has distinct historical contexts.
79
# Identify:
Two important figures in the **first wave of feminism**.
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* Lucretia Mott
## Footnote
They organized the first U.S. convention focused on women's rights.
80
# Identify:
The inspiration behind the **second wave of feminism**.
* The Civil Rights Movement.
* The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan.
## Footnote
This wave focused on workplace equality, sexual harassment, and reproductive rights.
81
# Describe:
The primary focus of the **conservative women's movement** during the **second wave of feminism**.
Maintaining the patriarchal status quo.
## Footnote
Key leader **Phyllis Schlafly** opposed the Equal Rights Amendment.
82
# Describe:
intersectionality
Framework that examines how various social and political identities, such as race, gender, class, sexuality, and ability, combine to create unique experiences of discrimination and privilege.
## Footnote
**Kimberle Crenshaw** developed the concept in 1989.
83
# Identify:
The most significant outcome of the **Seneca Falls Convention** in 1848.
The Declaration of Sentiments.
## Footnote
This document outlined the goals of the early feminist movement, including **women's suffrage**.
84
# Identify:
The rights that the **Equal Rights Amendment** aimed to guarantee.
* **Prohibit discrimination based on sex**: This would encompass various areas of life, including employment, education, housing, and other areas where individuals might face legal or societal barriers due to their gender.
* **Ensure equal treatment**: The ERA intended to ensure that both men and women have equal opportunities and are treated equally before the law.
## Footnote
It was never adopted into the Constitution despite being a key point of contention.
85
# Identify:
**The year the 19th Amendment was ratified**, granting women the right to vote.
1920
## Footnote
This marked a significant milestone in the first wave of feminism.
86
# Explain:
Roe v. Wade (1973)
* The Supreme Court ruled that **a** **woman's right to have an abortion is protected by the Constitution**.
* This right is grounded in the **right to privacy**, which the Court found to be implied by the Fourteenth Amendment.
* The decision established a **trimester framework for regulating abortion**.
## Footnote
This decision legalized **abortion** in the United States. On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in the **Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization** decision.
87
# Identify:
What did the **Equal Pay Act of 1963** require?
Equitable wages regardless of sex.
## Footnote
This was a significant step towards workplace equality.
88
# Identify:
One of the major goals of the **radical women's movement**.
To challenge all institutions created by men.
## Footnote
Radical feminists believed these institutions were inherently oppressive.
89
# Define:
civil rights
Legislation designed to ensure **equal protection under the law**, protecting against discrimination based on characteristics such as race, gender, and religion.
## Footnote
Many civil rights laws emerged from the American Civil Rights Movement.
90
# Identify:
When did the **American Civil Rights Movement** take place?
Mid-twentieth century, particularly during the **1950s and 1960s**.
## Footnote
This era included significant events and legal victories against discrimination.
91
# Describe:
Jim Crow laws
Laws enacted in the southern states following the Civil War that enforced **racial segregation and discrimination against Blacks**.
## Footnote
These laws persisted into the mid-twentieth century and included practices such as sharecropping.
92
# Describe:
Rosa Parks
A **civil rights activist** known for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person, which sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
## Footnote
Her actions were pivotal in challenging segregation laws.
93
# Describe:
Freedom Riders
Activists who rode buses to **challenge unconstitutional segregation laws**, provoking violent resistance from segregationists.
## Footnote
Their actions led to increased government protection for Black bus riders.
94
# Explain:
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A landmark **legislation that abolished Jim Crow laws** and prohibited discrimination in public places, voting rights and employment.
## Footnote
It was a comprehensive law aimed at ensuring civil rights for all citizens.
95
# Identify:
The achievement of the **Voting Rights Act of 1965**.
It provided **additional protections for voting rights**, suspending practices like literacy tests and whites-only primaries.
## Footnote
This Act aimed to eliminate barriers that disenfranchised Black voters.
96
# Explain:
Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968.
An act that extended **constitutional rights to Native American tribes**.
## Footnote
This was a significant step in recognizing the rights of Native Americans within the U.S. legal framework.
97
# Describe:
The outcome of **Obergefell v. Hodges** in 2015.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that **it is unconstitutional to discriminate against someone's sexual orientation** in public institutions, including marriage.
## Footnote
This decision was a major victory for LGBTQ+ rights.
98
# Explain:
The significance of **Brown v. Board of Education**.
The U.S. Supreme Court declared it **unconstitutional to segregate schools based on race**.
## Footnote
This case was a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement, leading to desegregation in education.
99
# Identify:
What did the **Age Discrimination Act of 1975** prohibit?
Discrimination in employment based on age.
## Footnote
It is one of many labor laws that protect civil rights in the workplace.
100
# Explain:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
An **institution** established in 1995 in South Africa to **investigate human rights violations** and promote reconciliation.
## Footnote
It was a response to the country's history of racial segregation and violence.
101
# Define:
cultural diffusion
The merging of different aspects of different cultures or the **spread of one culture**'s norms to another culture.
## Footnote
It typically occurs through emigration, trade, or regular interaction between cultures.
102
# Identify:
Effects of **cultural diffusion**.
* Helps cultures grow and diversify by adopting new traits.
* Reduces cultural discrimination.
* Facilitates the exchange of novel ideas and technologies.
* Some cultures lose their identity or values.
* Some aspects may be regressive or detrimental to development.
103
# Identify:
3 main mechanisms of **cultural diffusion**.
1. Direct diffusion
1. Indirect diffusion
1. Forced diffusion
## Footnote
Each mechanism describes different ways cultures can influence one another.
