3 - Reading and Communication Skills Flashcards

Question

# Descrbe: The **general format** of an **author tag**.

Answer 1

Author's name + reporting verb + quote (if present) or paraphrase. ## Footnote A reporting verb expresses a manner of speaking. Example: "Articulates."

Answer 2

* To **attract readers**' attention. * To **present information** in a concise manner. * To **recap** important points for understanding.

Answer 3

* Abstract * Epitome * Synopsis * Abridgment

Answer 4

**Brief description** (150-200 words) at the beginning of an article that **prepares the reader for the content** and helps them decide whether to continue reading.

Answer 5

It provides **only the most important information** from a piece, similar to an abstract, but **with very little detail**.

Answer 6

A summary (500-1000 words) that **gives the full narrative of a piece**, often including **characters' emotions** or **reactions**. ## Footnote Commonly used in novel writing.

Answer 7

It **condenses** the **ideas**, **style** and **structure** of a work into a simplified version.

Answer 8

Normally about **one page in length**, ideally not exceeding two pages. ## Footnote A brief summary, like **an abstract**, is usually **shorter**, between a couple of sentences to a couple of paragraphs.

Answer 9

To **shorten** **something** and provide a concise description of the **main ideas**. ## Footnote It involves discussing the main topic and key ideas of the original text.

Answer 10

A **brief overview** of the **main narrative** without revealing too many details. ## Footnote Example: J.R.R. Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring*.

Answer 11

It is **similar to summarizing a novel** but **focuses on less material**, often more specific and detailed. ## Footnote Example: A chapter summary from *The Fellowship of the Ring*.

Answer 12

To **take information** from a source and **put it into one's own words**, maintaining the original ideas. ## Footnote Paraphrasing is used in everyday life, often without awareness.

Answer 13

**Paraphrases** are approximately the **same length as the original information**, while **summaries** are **shorter**. ## Footnote This length difference is a key characteristic in identifying each type.

Answer 14

1. Paraphrasing to **bring clarity**. 1. Paraphrasing **to organize**. 1. Paraphrasing **for abstract or concrete understanding**. ## Footnote Each type serves a different purpose in the context of writing.

Answer 15

1. Ensure a **deep understanding** of the source material. 1. Restructure selected information into **own words**. 1. Make sure **original ideas remain intact**. 1. **Cite** the source.

Answer 16

The act of **using someone else's ideas**, words or work and **passing them off as one's own.** ## Footnote It can be blatant or subtle, but it is a serious academic offense.

Answer 17

By **transforming original ideas into new wording** while maintaining the **original intent** and **citing the source**. ## Footnote This ensures credit is given to the original author.

Answer 18

**Citations reference original ideas** from the source material, **even if rephrased**. ## Footnote This allows readers to trace the information back to the original author.

Answer 19

* MLA (Modern Language Association) * APA (American Psychological Association) ## Footnote Different disciplines may favor different styles.

Answer 20

**Details about the publication** of the original material and **where to find it**. ## Footnote This is essential for academic integrity.

Answer 21

To figure out **what a word means** **by examining other words** and sentences around it.

Answer 22

1. Look for the **definition** of the word within the sentence. 2. Look for **examples of the word** within the sentence.

Answer 23

Word that means the **same** thing.

Answer 24

Word that means the **opposite**.

Answer 25

**Swapping out** the **unknown word** for a **familiar one** to see if it makes sense.

Answer 26

* Look for the **definition**. * Look for **examples**. * Identify **synonyms** and **antonyms**. * Use **substitution**.

Answer 27

1. Description 1. Sequence or chronology 1. Compare/contrast 1. Problem/solution 1. Cause and effect ## Footnote These structures help authors organize their ideas in expository texts.

Answer 28

To **inform** the reader. ## Footnote Expository texts are fact-based documents, such as news articles and scholarly journal articles.

Answer 29

Know the **signal words** associated with each type of organizational structure.

Answer 30

* Before * First * Second * Third * Next * Then * Later * Finally

Answer 31

* Different * In contrast * Alike * Same as * On the other hand * Although * Both * Similarly * Likewise * However * But * In comparison * In the same way * Instead of

Answer 32

Description structures often include **sensory** details such as **sights**, **sounds**, **tastes** and **touch**.

Answer 33

* The problem is * One way to resolve it * Difficulties * Solved * One solution is to

Answer 34

* For this reason * Thus * Since * As a result * Consequently * Because of * May be due to

Answer 35

It helps readers focus on **key concepts** and **relationships**, **predict** what's to come and improve **comprehension**. ## Footnote Understanding the structure enhances reading engagement and retention.

Answer 36

A **statement** expressing a belief, idea or emotion that is **not provable**. ## Footnote Opinions are **subjective** and cannot be proven true or false.

Answer 37

A statement that **can be proven** beyond any doubt and is **objective**. ## Footnote Facts rely on **verifiable evidence**.

Answer 38

They offer concrete evidence and can demonstrate the scale or significance of something.

Answer 39

* **Subjective** statements depend on **personal perception**. * **Objective** statements can be **verified** independently. ## Footnote **Opinions** are **subjective**; **facts** are **objective**.

Answer 40

1. Can the statement be **proven** to be either true or false? 2. Does this statement refer to an author's personal **beliefs**, ideas or feelings about the topic? ## Footnote These questions help assess the nature of the statement.

Answer 41

A process of **deduction** that involves **using existing information** to make educated **guesses** about missing pieces of information. ## Footnote Inferences are commonly used in daily life and literature.

Answer 42

It **engages audiences** by allowing them to deduce missing information. ## Footnote A book without inferences would likely be dull, as it would state every detail explicitly.

Answer 43

An **inference** is the **interpretation** of an **implication** made by the author. ## Footnote Readers infer what an author implies through their writing.

Answer 44

* All branches of science * Philosophy * Medicine * Teaching * Writing * Designing ## Footnote These careers often involve critical thinking and analysis.

Answer 45

* **Inferences** are logically created from **existing information**. * **Assumptions** may involve biases and provide **new information**. ## Footnote Causal inferences are logical conclusions drawn from reasoned interpretations.

Answer 46

* Moby-Dick * To Kill a Mockingbird * The Sun Also Rises * The Charioteer * Othello ## Footnote These works expect readers to draw conclusions based on subtle clues.

Answer 47

Short, personal stories or accounts of real-life experiences.

Answer 48

* They add a human element to the topic, making it more engaging and memorable. * They can provide emotional weight to the main idea.

Answer 49

A **deceptive piece of information** that leads audiences to make **incorrect inferences**. ## Footnote In mysteries, this literary device can mislead readers about a character's guilt.

Answer 50

A model that involves reviewing **background information**, asking **questions**, making **predictions** and drawing **conclusions**. ## Footnote This model helps in the process of making logical inferences.

Answer 51

They are **explanations** of the meaning of **data**, **contrasting** with **factual observations**. ## Footnote Both are essential for understanding scientific findings.

Answer 52

To **make connections** about the **past** and predict **future** events based on **available data**. ## Footnote This can involve estimating population figures or trends.

Answer 53

To use the **information** provided to **make judgments**. | It is the same thing as making an **inference**. ## Footnote It involves using both explicit and implied information from the text.

Answer 54

It helps in academic arenas and everyday life by allowing individuals to **interpret** and **respond to situations**. ## Footnote Examples include interpreting emotions from actions or behaviors.

Answer 55

1. **Details** provided or implied **in the text**. 1. Reader's **prior knowledge** and experiences. ## Footnote These factors work together to enable logical conclusions.

Answer 56

By having texts **read aloud** to them and **answering simple questions** about what was read. ## Footnote This interaction helps them connect background knowledge with the text.

Answer 57

The **writer's reason** for writing. ## Footnote Every piece of writing has a purpose, which motivates writers to write.

Answer 58

1. To entertain. 1. To inform. 1. To persuade. ## Footnote Writers may choose from a variety of purposes that usually fall into these three categories.

Answer 59

Imaginative works like **novels**, **stories** or **poems**. ## Footnote These texts may also make observations about human nature but the entertainment factor is primary.

Answer 60

To provide **facts** about a topic deemed important for the reader to understand. ## Footnote Informative writing is usually clear and well-organized.

Answer 61

* Instruction manuals * How-to books * Recipes ## Footnote These types of writing offer a series of steps to accomplish a specific task.

Answer 62

**Sensory details** that allow readers to form a **mental picture**. ## Footnote Examples include eye-witness accounts or personal essays.

Answer 63

To **convince readers** to adopt a particular belief or to act in a certain way. ## Footnote This type of writing includes advertisements and political speeches.

Answer 64

To instruct. ## Footnote This indicates that the text is meant to guide the reader through a process.

Answer 65

By **asking** a series of guiding **questions** about its **main characteristics**. ## Footnote This helps determine why the writer is writing and how the reader should respond.

Answer 66

A series of **actions** taken by writers to **move** from an **assignment** or **idea** to a **polished product**. ## Footnote The writing process includes stages such as gathering ideas, organizing thoughts, writing, revising, and rewriting.

Answer 67

1. Prewriting 1. Drafting 1. Revising 1. Editing 1. Publishing ## Footnote These steps help in generating, organizing, writing about, and reviewing ideas for an essay.

Answer 68

* **First step** in the writing process. * Includes **planning activities before producing a formatted document**. ## Footnote Prewriting activities may involve topic selection, research, brainstorming, thesis development, and organization.

Answer 69

* **Second step** in the writing process. * Involves **writing for the first time** ideas, goals and information organized in prewriting. ## Footnote Writing a full draft allows for complete feedback and reduces future work.

Answer 70

To **examine the content** of the text and **make necessary adjustments**. ## Footnote This includes checking if the content supports the thesis and if the organization is logical.

Answer 71

* Spelling * Grammar * Subject/verb agreement * Sentence structure * Punctuation * Redundancy * Ambiguity * Consistency ## Footnote Editing focuses on correcting mechanical errors identified during the revision phase.

Answer 72

* Preparing the **final product** for the audience. * Includes **formatting details** like title pages and page numbers. ## Footnote The publishing step ensures that all instructions for the assignment have been fulfilled.

Answer 73

* Topic selection * Research * Brainstorming * Thesis development * Organization ## Footnote Brainstorming methods can include freewriting, graphic organizers, lists, and pictures.

Answer 74

* Create the **first version** or **draft** of the text. * Focus on **content** and **organization** rather than mechanics. ## Footnote The first draft should follow the outline developed during prewriting.

Answer 75

To figure out the **topic** and **generate ideas** about it. ## Footnote Brainstorming can involve writing down ideas quickly **without worrying about perfection**.

Answer 76

1. Content and format 1. Grammar and mechanics ## Footnote Both types of feedback are essential for polishing the paper.

Answer 77

1. Ensure your writing answers the **original question**. 1. Make sure main points align with the **thesis statement**. 1. Ensure **proper flow** in your writing.

Answer 78

1. **Spelling** and **grammar** 1. Proper citing of **sources** 1. Following assignment **parameters**

Answer 79

1. **Set time aside** for editing. 1. Take a **break** before editing (if possible). 1. **Read** your paper **aloud** and **backward**.

Answer 80

1. Purpose 1. Audience ## Footnote Understanding these elements helps shape the writing process effectively.

Answer 81

* Is my audience of a certain **age**, **education** level or **profession**? * Does my audience **have background knowledge and understanding** about the **topic**? ## Footnote These questions help tailor the complexity and vocabulary of the writing.

Answer 82

It helps you **decide** what **details** to **include** in your writing. ## Footnote The purpose can vary, such as to inform, argue or entertain.

Answer 83

1. Reader's **position**. 1. Reader's **perspective**. 1. Reader's level of **knowledge**. 1. Desired **takeaway** for the reader. ## Footnote These points help tailor writing to effectively communicate with the intended audience.

Answer 84

The **reader's situation** with respect to the writer, such as being a superior or peer. ## Footnote Understanding the reader's position helps in **choosing** the appropriate **tone** and **style** for writing.

Answer 85

**Formal** tone for a **teacher**; **informal** tone for a **friend**. ## Footnote Formal writing avoids contractions and casual language, while informal writing allows for conversational elements.

Answer 86

It **influences** their **opinion** and **reaction** to the topic being discussed. ## Footnote Different audiences may have varying interests and biases that affect their reception of arguments.

Answer 87

The **background information** needed, including **definitions** and explanations of **terms**. ## Footnote Tailoring content to the audience's knowledge prevents confusion and ensures clarity.

Answer 88

To **inform**, **persuade** or **entertain**. ## Footnote Achieving this involves demonstrating writing skills and knowledge effectively.

Answer 89

**Consider the audience's** **characteristics** and tailor the writing accordingly. ## Footnote This ensures the writing meets its intended purpose effectively.

Answer 90

To create **a positive impression of the writer** based on the writing. ## Footnote Achieving this involves demonstrating writing skills and knowledge effectively.

Answer 91

* Age * Experience * Personal interests ## Footnote These factors influence how a reader perceives and reacts to various topics.

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

3 - Reading and Communication Skills Flashcards

This deck covers identifying main ideas and supporting details, summarizing/paraphrasing, and understanding language in context. It addresses text organization, fact vs. opinion, inferences, writing purposes, audience adaptation, and revision strategies.

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM