8 - Socio-Historical Shifts: Effects of World-Changing Conflicts

Question 1

Explain:

Significance of the American Revolution.

Answer 1

• Birth of a Nation: Led to the creation of the United States of America, the first modern constitutional republic.
• Global Inspiration: Ideals of liberty, self-governance, and individual rights inspired revolutionary movements worldwide.
• Foundation of Democracy: Principles of popular sovereignty, limited government, and the separation of powers laid the foundation for democratic systems of governance.

Question 2

Define:

mercantilism

Answer 2

Economic theory and policy that aims to increase a country’s wealth by maximizing exports and minimizing imports.

Example: British mercantilism and economic growth relied on raw materials from the thirteen American colonies, which were used to produce finished goods for export.

Question 3

Explain:

The Stamp Act

Answer 3

A law passed in 1765 that imposed direct taxation on certain goods and required stamps on legal documents.

The act required colonists to pay a tax for an official stamp on all legal documents. It led to widespread protests and the slogan “No taxation without representation.”

Question 4

Explain:

The Boston Tea Party

Answer 4

A protest on December 16, 1773, where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor.

This was a response to the Tea Act, which granted a monopoly to the East India Company.

Question 5

Describe:

The Intolerable Acts

Answer 5

A series of laws passed in 1773-1774 to reassert British control over the colonies, including the Boston Port Bill and Massachusetts Government Act.

These acts were a direct response to the Boston Tea Party and essentially removed colonists from power in the thirteen colonies.

Question 6

Explain:

Significance of the Battles of Lexington and Concord.

Answer 6

They marked the beginning of the Revolutionary War in April 1775.

These battles resulted in casualties on both sides and ignited open conflict and marked the official beginning of the American Revolution.

Question 7

Describe:

The outcome of the American Revolution.

Answer 7

It set a standard that liberty and independence could be achieved against a much larger tyrannical force.

It led to a period of rebuilding and poverty in the United States.

It ended on September 3, 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.

Question 8

How did the American Revolution influence other countries?

Answer 8

It inspired subsequent revolutions such as the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution.

This series of revolts is known as the Atlantic Revolutions.

Question 9

Identify:

What series of acts increased taxes and contributed to colonial rebellion?

Answer 9

Townshend Acts

Question 10

Explain:

The role of the Sons of Liberty.

Answer 10

They opposed the Stamp Act and organized protests against British taxation.

They engaged in acts of intimidation and violence against stamp agents.

Question 11

Explain:

The transatlantic slave trade.

Answer 11

A global slave-trading era between the 16th and 19th centuries, transporting 10 to 12 million people across the Atlantic.

Also referred to as the Atlantic slave trade or Euro-American slave trade.

Question 12

When did the transatlantic slave trade begin?

Answer 12

It is estimated to have begun around the end of the 15th century.

There is no explicit data indicating the exact start date.

Question 13

Describe:

The Middle Passage

Answer 13

The period of the Atlantic slave trade where millions of enslaved Africans were taken to the Americas.

This term specifically refers to the brutal journey across the ocean.

Question 14

Identify:

Who is credited with starting the transatlantic slave trade?

Answer 14

The Portuguese are officially credited with starting the trade.

They began kidnapping people from the west coast of Africa in the 15th century.

Question 15

Explain:

The gun-slave cycle

Answer 15

A cycle where enslaved people were traded for guns, increasing violence among African kingdoms.

This cycle contributed to lawlessness and instability in Africa.

Question 16

Identify:

The major European countries involved in the transatlantic slave trade.

Answer 16

• Portugal
• Great Britain
• France
• Spain
• Netherlands

These countries played significant roles in transporting enslaved Africans.

Question 17

Identify:

Main factor that caused the increase in the transatlantic slave trade in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Answer 17

The demand for sugar.

Sugar plantations required intensive labor.

Question 18

Identify:

The impact of the transatlantic slave trade on Africa’s population.

Answer 18

Demographic stagnation due to nearly twelve million people being forcibly removed.

This led to a decline in population growth in many African civilizations.

Question 19

Define:

The triangular trade

Answer 19

A trade system where enslaved people were transported between Africa, Europe, and North America, forming a triangle on the map.

This trade connected enslaved Africans, American staple products and European goods.

Question 20

Explain:

When did the transatlantic slave trade decline?

Answer 20

The trade began to slow down in the 1800s, with significant reductions in the number of enslaved people transported.

Spain made one last transportation of around 200,000 Africans in the 1850s.

Question 21

Identify:

When did the American Civil War take place?

Answer 21

1861 through 1865.

The Civil War was the deadliest war in U.S. history, with about 2% of the population killed.

Question 22

Identify:

The two opposing sides in the American Civil War.

Answer 22

• Union (Northern States)
• Confederacy (Southern States)

Question 23

Define:

secede

Answer 23

To break away.

The Confederacy was formed after Southern States seceded from the United States.

Question 24

Identify:

The President of the Confederacy

Answer 24

Jefferson Davis

Davis served as the President after the Southern States formed their own nation.

Question 25

# Describe: The economic difference between the Northern and Southern States.

Answer 25

* The **North** was **industrial**. * The **South** was **agricultural**. ## Footnote The Southern economy was threatened by the end of slavery.

Question 26

# Explain: The Missouri Compromise

Answer 26

* **Missouri** was admitted as a **slave state**. * **Maine** as a **free state**. * **No other territories** in the **Louisiana Purchase would allow slavery**.

Question 27

# Define: sectionalism

Answer 27

**Loyalty to one's region** rather than the country as a whole.

Question 28

# Explain: The Compromise of 1850.

Answer 28

* **California** joined as a free state. * **New Mexico** and **Utah** acquired self-determination regarding slavery. ## Footnote It also facilitated the recovery of runaway slaves.

Question 29

# Identify: The **leader of the Union troops** during the Civil War.

Answer 29

General Ulysses S. Grant ## Footnote He was a key figure in achieving Union victories.

Question 30

# Identify: The significant action taken by **President Lincoln** in **1863**.

Answer 30

Issued the **Emancipation Proclamation**. ## Footnote This proclamation **freed all slaves except for those in the border states.**

Question 31

# Identify: What event marked the official **start of the American Civil War**?

Answer 31

The Battle of Fort Sumter ## Footnote This battle occurred on **April 12, 1861**, with a Confederate victory.

Question 32

# Identify: What was the first **major** battle of the **Civil War**?

Answer 32

First Battle of Bull Run

Question 33

# Identify: The significance of the **Battle of Hampton Roads**.

Answer 33

First naval battle between ironclad warships. ## Footnote This battle showcased technological advancements in warfare.

Question 34

# Identify: The bloodiest battle of the **Civil War**.

Answer 34

The Battle of Gettysburg ## Footnote It resulted in approximately 51,000 casualties over three days.

Question 35

# Describe: General Sherman's March to the Sea

Answer 35

A **campaign of destruction** through the South, capturing **Atlanta** and **Savannah**. ## Footnote It aimed to cripple the Confederate war effort.

Question 36

# Explain: When did Robert E. Lee surrender, marking **the end of the Civil War**?

Answer 36

April 9, 1865 ## Footnote The surrender took place at Appomattox Courthouse.

Question 37

# Identify: The Reconstruction Amendments

Answer 37

* **13th Amendment**: abolished slavery. * **14th Amendment**: granted citizenship to all people, including African Americans. * **15th Amendment**: protected voting rights.

Question 38

# Identify: Lasting effects of the **Civil War**.

Answer 38

* **Abolition** of slavery. * Beginning of the **Reconstruction Era**. ## Footnote Systems like tenant farming and Jim Crow Laws emerged post-war.

Question 39

# Identify: The **phrase coined by John O'Sullivan** in 1845 to describe America's attitude toward expansion.

Answer 39

Manifest Destiny ## Footnote It reflects the belief that westward expansion was justified and inevitable.

Question 40

# Describe: Significance of building the **Erie Canal**.

Answer 40

* **Major infrastructure project** that opened in 1825. * **Connected the cities** on the East Coast to the new lands in the West.

Question 41

# Explain: The Indian Removal Act

Answer 41

An **act**, passed in 1830, that **forcibly displaced Native Americans** living in the Southeast. ## Footnote This act resulted in the relocation of Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.

Question 42

# Identify: Event in 1838 that involved the **forced relocation of the Cherokee nation**.

Answer 42

Trail of Tears ## Footnote Thousands of Cherokees died during this forced march to Oklahoma.

Question 43

# Identify: The **name of the wagon route** that **American settlers** took starting around 1840.

Answer 43

Oregon Trail ## Footnote This route began in Missouri and ended in Oregon, leading to significant westward migration.

Question 44

# Identify: The **treaty**, signed in **1846**, that resulted in the **U.S. gaining the Oregon Territory** from England.

Answer 44

The Oregon Treaty ## Footnote This treaty was a direct result of the westward movement of settlers.

Question 45

# Identify: The year **Texas** became a **U.S. state**.

Answer 45

1845 ## Footnote The annexation of Texas led to tensions with Mexico and the subsequent war.

Question 46

# Identify: What conflict arose from the **annexation of Texas**?

Answer 46

The Mexican-American War ## Footnote This war lasted from 1846 to 1848 and resulted in significant territorial gains for the U.S.

Question 47

# Describe: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Answer 47

It **ended the Mexican-American War** and expanded U.S. territory significantly. ## Footnote The treaty granted the U.S. not only Texas but also parts of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and California.

Question 48

# Identify: The **discovery** in 1848 at **Sutter's Mill** that led to a massive influx of people to California.

Answer 48

Gold ## Footnote This initiated the **California Gold Rush**, drastically changing California's landscape.

Question 49

# Identify: The **mail delivery service** that began in 1860 to **connect Missouri and California**.

Answer 49

Pony Express ## Footnote It was a response to the need for communication during the **Gold Rush** and **Manifest Destiny**.

Question 50

# Identify: The years during which **World War I** took place.

Answer 50

1914-1918 ## Footnote World War I marked the first major international conflict of the 20th century.

Question 51

# Identify: The event that triggered the start of **World War I**.

Answer 51

The assassination of **Archduke Franz Ferdinand** on June 28, 1914. ## Footnote It took place in Sarajevo and was carried out by Gavrilo Princip.

Question 52

# List: The countries that were part of the **Triple Entente**.

Answer 52

* Great Britain * France * Serbia * Imperial Russia * Later joined by Italy, Greece, Portugal, Romania and the United States ## Footnote The Triple Entente **fought against the Triple Alliance** during WWI.

Question 53

# List: The countries that made up the **Triple Alliance**

Answer 53

* Germany * Italy * Austria-Hungary * Later joined by Ottoman Turkey and Bulgaria ## Footnote The Triple Alliance opposed the Triple Entente during the war.

Question 54

# List and identify: The two **main fronts in World War I** and the countries or regions that formed them.

Answer 54

* **Western Front** (included areas from the coasts of Belgium to Switzerland) * **Eastern Front** (included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and part of Russia).

Question 55

What type of **warfare** characterized the **Western Front**?

Answer 55

trench warfare ## Footnote This strategy involved **digging trenches to protect soldiers** and led to a stalemate in the conflict.

Question 56

# Describe: The Battle of the Marne

Answer 56

A significant battle that **stopped the German advance** toward Paris. ## Footnote This battle was crucial in saving Paris from German control.

Question 57

# Explain: The impact of the **US** entering **World War I** in 1917.

Answer 57

It **shifted the balance** of the war effort **in favor of the Triple Entente**. ## Footnote The American Expeditionary Force under General John J. Pershing contributed significantly to the war.

Question 58

# Describe: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Answer 58

A treaty signed on March 6, 1918, that **formalized Russia's exit** from World War I. ## Footnote This treaty was a consequence of the Russian Revolution and internal strife in Russia.

Question 59

# Identify: The estimated military casualties of **World War I**.

Answer 59

Almost **10 million soldiers died** and 21 million were wounded. ## Footnote This made WWI one of the deadliest conflicts in history.

Question 60

# Describe: The main outcome of the **Treaty of Versailles**.

Answer 60

**Germany** was forced to bear the costs of **war reparations** and reduce its army. ## Footnote The treaty is considered a **contributing factor to the rise of WWII**. It imposed harsh penalties on Germany, which led to its resentment and economic hardship, fostering the rise of fascism.

Question 61

# Describe: The League of Nations

Answer 61

A proposed **international organization to prevent future wars**, created after WWI. ## Footnote It was proposed by **US President Woodrow Wilson** and served as a precursor to the United Nations.

Question 62

# Identify: What type of government did the **Russian Revolution** lead to in Russia?

Answer 62

communist ## Footnote This change occurred after the abdication of the Tsar and the subsequent civil war.

Question 63

# Identify: One of the geopolitical effects of **World War I**.

Answer 63

The **disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire** into new nations. ## Footnote This resulted in the formation of **Austria**, **Hungary** and **Yugoslavia**.

Question 64

# Identify: The official beginning of **World War II**.

Answer 64

**September 1, 1939**, when Germany invaded Poland. ## Footnote Historians also note earlier events, such as **Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931**.

Question 65

# Explain: What was the purpose of the **Non-Aggression Pact** signed in August 1939?

Answer 65

It pledged that **Germany and the Soviet Union would not take military action against each other** for ten years and included plans for the joint invasion of Poland. ## Footnote The pact also involved a secret agreement to divide Eastern Europe. Hitler violated the pact in 1940.

Question 66

# Explain: Why did the **League of Nations** fail?

Answer 66

It **failed to address aggression** from member and non-member nations. ## Footnote The U.S. never joined due to Senate concerns over its war powers.

Question 67

# Identify: The **political ideology** that rose in Germany as a result of the **Treaty of Versailles**.

Answer 67

**Fascism**: characterized by a strong governmental leader and the belief in national superiority. ## Footnote It **originated in Italy** under **Benito Mussolini**.

Question 68

# Explain: The impact of **Japan's invasion of Manchuria** in 1931.

Answer 68

It marked the **beginning of Japanese aggression in Asia**, which was not effectively addressed by the League of Nations. ## Footnote This event contributed to tensions leading up to World War II.

Question 69

# Identify: The event that prompted the United States to enter **World War II**.

Answer 69

The attack on **Pearl Harbor** on December 7, 1941. ## Footnote This attack led to Congress declaring war on Japan on December 8, 1941.

Question 70

# List and explain: The causes of World War II.

Answer 70

* **Failures of the League of Nations** to maintain international peace. * **A weakened China** due to civil war, which allowed Japan to invade and take over. * **Unresolved anger from World War I** and the Treaty of Versailles. * **The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor** on December 7, 1941.

Question 71

# List: The countries that formed the **Axis Powers**.

Answer 71

* Germany * Italy * Japan ## Footnote They formed the **Tripartite Pact** in September 1940.

Question 72

# List: The leaders of the **Axis Powers**.

Answer 72

* Adolf Hitler (Germany) * Benito Mussolini (Italy) * Hirohito (Japan) ## Footnote These leaders were instrumental in their respective countries' military actions during the war.

Question 73

# List: The main members of the **Allied Powers**.

Answer 73

* Great Britain * Soviet Union * United States ## Footnote This coalition was also referred to as the **Big Three**.

Question 74

# Identify: The estimated military casualty count during **World War II**.

Answer 74

21-25 million. ## Footnote Civilian casualties were significantly higher, estimated at 50-55 million.

Question 75

# Define: The Holocaust

Answer 75

The **systematic persecution and murder of 6 million Jews** and millions of others by the Nazi regime. ## Footnote It was part of Hitler's 'Final Solution' and resulted in significant war crimes trials after the war.

Question 76

# Identify: One significant territorial change after **World War II**.

Answer 76

Germany was divided into **East and West Germany**. ## Footnote This division contributed to the ideological tensions of the **Cold War**.

Question 77

# Identify: The economic impact **World War II** had on the United States.

Answer 77

It helped to **ignite the U.S. economy**. ## Footnote This was during a time of economic crisis in the 1920s and 1930s.

Question 78

# Identify: The Nuremberg Trials

Answer 78

**Trials for Nazi leaders** for war crimes and crimes against humanity after World War II. ## Footnote These trials were held from 1945 to 1946.

Question 79

# List: The **main issues** that emerged in Europe **after WWII**.

Answer 79

* Economic hardship * European reconstruction * The Cold War ## Footnote These issues were pivotal in shaping post-war Europe.

Question 80

# List: The three powers that decided the **post-war structure of Europe**.

Answer 80

* United States * United Kingdom * The Soviet Union ## Footnote Their decisions were made at conferences such as Yalta and Potsdam.

Question 81

# Define: The Eastern Bloc

Answer 81

A group of **Eastern European states under Soviet influence** with **communist** regimes. ## Footnote These states were effectively part of the Soviet Union.

Question 82

# Identify: What was the **U.S. foreign policy** towards communism **post-WWII**?

Answer 82

containment ## Footnote This policy aimed to prevent the spread of communism globally.

Question 83

# Explain: The Marshall Plan

Answer 83

A U.S. initiative to provide monetary aid to war-ravaged European countries. ## Footnote Named after its creator, Secretary of State George Marshall. It aimed to revitalize the economies and prevent the spread of communism.

Question 84

# Identify: The consequences of the **Marshall Plan** for European currencies.

Answer 84

Countries had to **remove tariffs** and improve **trade agreements**. ## Footnote This aimed to foster a stronger economic recovery and the growth of **capitalism**.

Question 85

# Describe: The impact of the **Marshall Plan** on the economies of Europe.

Answer 85

Most economies were producing near or exceeding pre-war levels within a few years.

Question 86

# Identify: A significant outcome of the **political settlement after WWII**.

Answer 86

The creation of an **East-West rivalry** leading to the **Cold War**. ## Footnote The U.S. and Great Britain ceded Eastern Europe to Soviet influence.

Question 87

# Explain: What was the **condition of Europe** immediately **after WWII**?

Answer 87

**Economically exhausted** and in need of immense financial aid. ## Footnote The war caused widespread destruction and financial instability.

Question 88

# Identify: A significant consequence of the **Sykes-Picot agreement**.

Answer 88

The creation of **modern Middle Eastern states**. ## Footnote The agreement led to arbitrary borders that still impact the region today.

Question 89

# Define: self-determination

Answer 89

The right of inhabitants to decide their own government. ## Footnote Promoted by nations and organizations like the United Nations after WWII.

Question 90

# Identify: The two countries that were primarily responsible for the **division of the Middle East after WWI**

Answer 90

1. Great Britain 2. France ## Footnote They established puppet states and drew borders in the region.

Question 91

# Describe: Decolonization in Africa

Answer 91

* Occurred **between 1956 and 1975**. * Many **French and British colonies gained independence peacefully** in the late 1950s and early 1960s. * **Portuguese colonies** like Angola and Mozambique **fought prolonged wars**. ## Footnote The decolonization process varied widely depending on the colonial power.

Question 92

# Identify: The primary organization advocating for **Indian independence**.

Answer 92

The Indian National Congress ## Footnote Founded in 1885, it played a crucial role in the independence movement.

Question 93

# Identify: How was India partitioned?

Answer 93

* Hindus - India * Muslims - Pakistan ## Footnote This led to significant migration and violence between communities.

Question 94

# Identify: A key factor in the **U.S. involvement in Vietnam**.

Answer 94

The prevention of the spread of communism. ## Footnote The U.S. supported French and South Vietnamese forces during the conflict.

Question 95

# Identify: The event in 1964 that escalated **U.S. involvement in Vietnam**.

Answer 95

The Gulf of Tonkin incident ## Footnote This led to increased military action by the U.S. against North Vietnam.

Question 96

# Describe: What was a major outcome of the **Vietnam War in 1975**?

Answer 96

North Vietnam unified the country under communist rule. ## Footnote This followed the withdrawal of U.S. troops and the fall of Saigon.

Question 97

# Identify: The ongoing conflict that directly resulted from the **partition of India**.

Answer 97

The Kashmir conflict. ## Footnote The region remains contentious between India and Pakistan.