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Human Biosciences > Human anatomy and Kinanthropometry > Flashcards

Human anatomy and Kinanthropometry Flashcards

1
Q

The skull is composed of how many bones? And what 2 types of bones?

A

22

Cranial bones (cranium) and facial bones (face)

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2
Q

What are sutures?

A

Immovable joints that hold the skull bones together

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3
Q

Function of cranial bones?

A

Protect the brain

Inner surfaces have membranes to stabilize the brain, blood vessels and nerves

Provide large areas of muscle attachment

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4
Q

Function of facial bones?

A

Framework of the face

Protect and provide support for the nerves and blood vessels

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5
Q

When looking at a posterior skull (from behind) what are the parts of the occipital bone (main area just bellow half way)?

A

External occipital protuberance (little bit poking out bone)

Superior and inferior nuchal line, (where the external occipital protuberance pokes out from)

Lambdoidal suture, borders parietal lambda and occipital

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6
Q

What are parts of the parietal suture (one of the top halves) in a posterior skull?

A

Sagittal suture which separates both the halves

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7
Q

Parts of the temporal bone (just before the ear) on a side view of a skull (lateral)?

A

Mastiod process ( jutting out bit at bottom)

Squamous suture (border between other parts)

Temporal lines, a bit above but curve downwards

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8
Q

Where the zygomatic bone and therefore the zygomatic arch?

A

Connected to the temporal bone and is essentially the cheek bone

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9
Q

Parts of the mandible (jaw bone)?

A

Angle of mandible (top bit of jaw furthest away from ear)

Coronoid process (part of fork bit of jaw nearest to teeth)

Ramus of mandible (fork bit of jaw)

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10
Q

What bone are the teeth connected to?

A

Maxilla

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11
Q

Where is the frontal bone and what seperates it from parietal bone?

A

Forehead, has coronal suture separating it from parietal bone

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12
Q

Temporalis muscle’s origin (where it is found), insertion (what it connects to), and it’s action?

A

Origin is temporal fossa and line (area above ear and next to eye)

Insertion is coronoid process of mandible

Action is closes and retracts jaw

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13
Q

Massester muscle’s origin (where it is found), insertion (what it connects to), and it’s action?

A

Origin is the zygomatic bone

Insertion is the angle and ramus of mandible

Action is it closes the jaw

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14
Q

Orbicularis Oculi muscle’s origin (where it is found), insertion (what it connects to), and it’s action?

A

Origin is circular muscle on frontal bone and maxilla

Insertion eyelid?

Action is it closes the eye

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15
Q

Orbicularis oris muscle’s origin (where it is found), insertion (what it connects to), and it’s action?

A

Origin is circular muscle on maxilla, septum of nose and mandible

Insertion is around the lips

Action is closes and protrudes lips

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16
Q

What numbers does vervical vertebrae go from?

A

C1-C7

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17
Q

What is C1 known as?

A

Atlas

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18
Q

What is C2 known as?

A

Axis

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19
Q

What is C7 known as?

A

Vertebra prominens

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20
Q

Nearer to C1 means? and nearer to C7 means?

A

More superior (closer to C1)

More inferior closer to C7

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21
Q

Features of atlas?

A

Kidney bean shaped facets, which Articulate with occipital bones (back of head)

No spinous process

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22
Q

Where is the nuuchal ligament found?

A

Back of neck

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23
Q

What’s it called when you tilt your head backwards?

A

Hyperextension

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24
Q

What is extension?

A

Going from a flexed posistion to a nuetral posistion

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25
Q

What’s it called when you tilt your head forward?

A

Flexion

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26
Q

What allow the up and down movements of the head?

A

Atlanto-occipital and cervial intervertebral joints

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27
Q

What’s it called when you move your head sideways?

A

Rotation

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28
Q

What allows rotation?

A

Atlanto-axial joint

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29
Q

What is the Longus capitis’s (neck muscle) origin, insertion and action?

A

C3-C6

Occipital bone anterior to foramen magnum

Flexes neck

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30
Q

What is the Scalenus’s (neck muscle) origin, insertion and action?

A

Posterior:
Origin is Transverse processes of C4-C6

2nd rib is insertion

Middle:

C2-C6 is origin

1st rib medial

Anterior:

Origin is C3-C6

Insertion is 1st rib anterior

Action:
Together - flexes neck
Singulary - rotates neck or lateral flexion (leaning head in one direction)

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31
Q

What is the Sternocleidomastoid (neck muscle) origin, insertion and action?

A

Origin is the manubrium and clavicle as it has 2 heads

Insertion is the mastoid process

Action - singulary roation and lateral flexion

Together - flexion

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32
Q

What is the Splenius capitis (neck muscle) origin, insertion and action?

A

Origin- C7 + T1-T3

Insertion - mastiod process

Action - together extends neck
Singulary - Rotates and laterally flexes neck

(runs down back of neck)

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33
Q

What is the Platysma (neck muscle) origin, insertion and action?

A

Origin - upper fourth of chest

Insertion - inferior aspect of mandible

Action - depresses mandible and draws up skin on chest

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34
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A 
Bones
Joints
Ligaments
Tendons 
Cartilages
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35
Q

What’s the axial skeleton?

A

Head, thorax and vertebra column (spine going down just before pelvis)

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36
Q

What’s the appendicular skeleton?

A

All the limbs

going up to shoulders for arms, and then to the pelvis for the legs

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37
Q

What are the 6 types of bones and examples?

A 
Sutural bones- in the skull
Irregular bones - vertebra
Short bones - carpal bones in wrist
Flat bones - parietal bones in skull
Long bones - Humerus in upper arm
Sesamoid bones - patella (knee cap)
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38
Q

Definition of a sutural bone?

A

Extra bone pieces with a suture (joint) in the cranium

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39
Q

Definition of a Irregular bone?

A

Complicated shape

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40
Q

Definition of a short bone?

A

Cube shaped

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41
Q

Definition of a flat bone?

A

Thin flattened and slightly curved

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42
Q

Definition of a long bone?

A

Longer than wide
Shaft at 2 ends
all limb bones
Curved for strength

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43
Q

Definition of a sesamoid bones?

A

Sesame seed shaped, improve tendon insertion angle

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44
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial

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45
Q

Describe a fibrous joint?

A

This type of joint is held together by only a ligament

Eg. where the teeth are held to their bony sockets

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46
Q

Describe a cartilaginous joint?

A

Occur where the connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage

Eg. between vertebrae in the spine

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47
Q

Describe a synovial joint?

A

Highly movable, all have a synovial capsule surrounding the entire joint, a synovial membrane (inner layer of the capsule) which secretes synovial fluid (a lubricant), and hyaline cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones

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48
Q

Describe skeletal cartilage?

A

Contains no blood vessels or nerves

Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue)) that resists outward expansion

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49
Q

3 types of skeletal cartillage?

A

Elastic
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage

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50
Q

Example of where you find elastic cartillage?

A

In the ear

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51
Q

Example of where you find hyaline cartilage?

A

In the nose

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52
Q

Example of where you find fibrocartilages?

A

In the pubic symphysis

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53
Q

What does Hyaline articular cartilage do?

A

Covers the ends of long bones

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54
Q

What does hyaline costal cartilage do?

A

Connects the ribs to the sternum

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55
Q

What does hyaline respiratory cartillage do?

A

makes up larynx (voicebox), reinforces air passages

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56
Q

What does hyaline nasal cartillage do?

A

Supports the nose

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57
Q

Features of elastic cartillage?

A

Similar to hyaline but also contains elastic fibres

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58
Q

Features of fibrocartilage?

A

Highly compressed with great tensile strength

Contains collagen fibres

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59
Q

Features of cortical (compact) bone?

A

Low porosity
Strong dense and tough
Epiphysis (thin shell)
Diaphysis (shaft, thicker)

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60
Q

Features of trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone?

A

High porosity

Lighter and less dense than cortical

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61
Q

Landmarks on a long bone?

A

Diaphysis (middle segment)
Epiphysis (top and bottom)
Membranes - periosteum and endosteum)

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62
Q

Features of Epiphysis?

A

They are the end of the bone

The joint surface of the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage

Epiphyseal line separate diaphysis and epiphysis

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63
Q

What happens when a long bone stops growing between the ages of 18-25?

A

Epiphyseal cartilage disappears
Epiphyseal plate closes
Visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line

At this point bone has replaced all cartilage and the bone can no longer grow in length

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64
Q

Features of the Diaphysis?

A

It’s the shaft of the bone
Collar of compact bone surrounds a central marrow cavity
In adults cavity contains fat

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65
Q

Features of the medullary/marrow cavity?

A

Interior of all bones, consists of largely spongy bone
The very centre of the bone is an open cavity or marrow cavity
Filled with yellow bone marrow

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66
Q

Describe the blood vessels in bone?

A

Nutrient arteries serve the diaphysis, it runs inward to supply the bone marrow and spongy bone

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67
Q

Describe the periosteum membrane in a bone?

A

Covers outer bone surface
Consists of dense irregular connective tissue and osteoblasts
Contain nerve fibre, blood and lymph, vessels secured by sharpey’s fibres

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68
Q

What is the endosteum membrane in bones?

A

Covers internal bone surfaces

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69
Q

Briefly describe base structure of short irregular and flat bones?

A

Bones have thin layers of compact bones over spongy bone

No shaft, epiphysis or marrow cavity

Spongy area between is diploe

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70
Q

Functions of periosteum?

A

Isolate bone from surrounding tissues
Provide a route for circulatory and nervous supply
Participate in bone growth and repair

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71
Q

What is endosteum?

A 
An incomplete cellular that:
Lines the marrow cavity
Covers the trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines central canals
Contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts
Is active in bone growth and repair
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72
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Osteocytes arranged in concentric lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels

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73
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Make and deposit components of bone extracellular matrix

Eventually become surround calcified bone and then they become osteocytes

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74
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Degrade and resorb bone for remodelling, by secreting acids and protein-digesting enzymes

Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals = osteolysis

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75
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

“watcher cells”, Sit in bone and monitor current status, and help repair damaged bone

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76
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and collagen, becomes calcified later

77
Q

Where do you find osteocytes?

A

In matrix only (in the ring of bone)

78
Q

Where do you find osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Periosteum + Endosteum

79
Q

Where do you find Osteoclasts?

A

In endosteum only

80
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells do?

A

They are mesenchyme stem cells that divide to form osteoblasts

Are located in inner layer of periosteum

Assist in fracture repair

81
Q

How is homeostasis involved in bones and what happens if it isn’t maintained?

A

Bone building by osteocytes and -blasts, must balance the bone recycling from osteoclasts

Higher resorption than formation leads to weaker bones

82
Q

Life cycle of bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells to osteoblasts to osteocytes

Osteoclasts are related to macrophages

83
Q

Where is the red marrow in an infant?

A

All bones

84
Q

Where is the red bone marrow in adults?

A

Every bone except in limbs

85
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

Produce red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells

86
Q

What does yellow bone marrow do?

A

Produces fat, cartilage and bone

87
Q

What us endochondral ossification and what are the names of all the steps?

A

Process by which bone tissue is created

Formation of bone collar
Cavitation
Invasion
Remodelling
Ossification
Elongation
88
Q

In Endochondral ossification describe the step of bone collar?

A

Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage

Cells in the perichondrium (the connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint.) change into osteoblasts

Producing a layer of superficial bone which will continue to grow and become compact bone

89
Q

In Endochondral ossification describe the step of cavitation?

A

Chondrocytes in the centre of the hyaline cartilage of each bone model:
Enlarge
Forms struts and calcify
Die, leaving cavities in cartilage

90
Q

In Endochondral ossification describe the step of invasion?

A

Periosteal bud ( vascular connective tissue bud from the perichondrium) brings blood vessels into the cartillage

Bringing osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Spongy bone develops at the primary ossification centre

91
Q

In Endochondral ossification describe the step of remodelling?

A

Remodelling creates a marrow cavity

Bone replaces cartilage at metaphyses (end border if diaphysis)

Diaphysis elongates

92
Q

In Endochondral ossification describe the step of ossification

A

Capilaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses (top of the bone)

Creating secondary ossification centres

93
Q

In Endochondral ossification describe the step of elongation?

A

Epiphyses fill with spongy bone, but cartilage remains at 2 sites

  • ends of bones within the joint cavity = articular cartillage
  • cartillage at the metaphysis = epiphyseal cartillage (plate)
94
Q

What does Wolff’s law state?

A

A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces which act upon it

There are changes in bone density in response to exercise

Tension and compression forces must balance

95
Q

What happens to the bone during growth if you exercise?

A

There is increased periosteal expansion

96
Q

Which exercise has the most osteogenic potential?

A

Drop landing

97
Q

What are the 4 steps for the healing of a bone fracture?

A

Hematoma
Soft callus
Bony callus
Remodelling

98
Q

3 types of muscle?

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

99
Q

Features of smooth muscle?

A 
Not striated
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn't fatigue
Internal organs
100
Q

Features of cardiac muscle?

A 
Visible striation
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn't fatigue
Allows heart to pump blood
101
Q

Fesastures of skeletal muscle?

A

Highly organised striation
Multiple nuclei
Voluntary control
Generates movement of body parts

102
Q

What is a motot neuron?

A

An efferent motor neuron and the fibres that it innverates

Neuron originates from spinal column and terminates at the nuromuscluar junction

Action potentials transmitted along the neuron stimulate excitation-contraction coupling

103
Q

Features of smaller motor neurons?

A

Less membrane surface area

Action potentials generated more easily

Recruited first

104
Q

Features of larger motor neurons?

A

Larger surface area

Action potentials harder to generate

Recruited last

105
Q

What is the plane of movement called sagittal represent?

A

If someone was cut in half splitting their pecs in half

106
Q

What is the plane of movement transverse represent?

A

Wearing a rubber ring in pool

Cut in half through belly button

107
Q

What does the plane of movement frontal represent?

A

Cut in half with the line going from shoulder to shoulder

108
Q

3 types of contractions?

A

Isometric - constant length (no joint rotation)
Concentric - Shortening contraction
Eccentric - lengthening contraction

109
Q

Formulas for Fm (maximum muscle force)?

A

Fm = PCSA (physiological cross sectional area) x σ (force per square centrimetre ( will be a given figure))

Fm = (V (volume) x σ) / Fibre length

110
Q

4 types of muscle patterns?

A

Longitudinal:
Strap- parrallel lines going downwards
Fusiform - the same but with a bulge

Pennate
Unipennate - fibres going diagonal in one direction
Bipennate - fibres diagonal in 2 different directions

111
Q

What does pennation allow?

A

A greater number of fibres to be packed into a muscle (reducing required fibre length)

However pull of each fibre is reduced slightly dereasing force a bit

112
Q

What’s a twitch?

A

A muscles response to a single stimulus

Fast response is higher force over a shorter time

Slow response is less force over a longer duration

113
Q

What is tetanus?

A

A muscle’s response to multiple stimuli

Goes from twitch to summation to incomplete tetanus to complete tetanus

114
Q

What is electromyography (EMG)?

A

Measurement of the electrical potential generated by muscle cells

115
Q

How do you increase muscle force through activation?

A

Recruit more muscle fibres (motor units)

Increase the rate of firing

116
Q

Desribe active tension in actina and myosin fibrils?

A

The active tension will be highest and therefore also active force production when there is the most possible actin and mysosin cross bridges formed

To close together actin will block myosin binding to other actin filament

To far away not enough overlap of myosin and actin filaments

117
Q

What re the 3 factors that could affect the amount of force produced by a group of muscles?

A

Muscle architecture-
-Muscle volume, pennation angle, PCSA

Nueral control -
Number of fibres recruited
Rate of recruitment

Optimal fibre length

118
Q

Describe the order of muscle recruitment?

A

Small units are recruited first at low forces

Larger motor units are recruited as force increases

119
Q

Features of the ribs?

A

12 pairs of ribs
1-7 true ribs
8-10 false ribs
11-12 floating ribs

Have a xiphoid process which is a tiny diamond-shaped bone at the inferior end of the sternum

120
Q

For the transverse Abdominis, what’s it origin, insertion and function?

A

Origin:
Iliac crest (top of hip bone)
Inguinal ligament (band from the pubic tubercle to the iliac crest)
Ribs 7-12

Insertion:
Xiphoid process
Linear alba (mid section of abs)

Function:
Compression and supports abdominal organs

121
Q

For the rectus abdominis, what’s it origin, insertion and function?

A

Origin:
Creast of pubis and pubis

Insertion:
Xiphoid process
Ribs 5 to 7

Function:
Flexion
Compression
Lateral flexion

122
Q

For the internal obliques what’s it origin, insertion and function?

A

Origin:
Iliac crest
Thoraco-lumbar facia

Insertion:
Cartilage of ribs 8-12
Linear alba

Function:
Together=flexion
Singular = rotation and lateral flexion on contraction side

123
Q

For the external obliques what’s it origin, insertion and function?

A

Origin:
Ribs 5 to 12

Insertion:
Linea alba
Iliac crest
Inguinal ligament

Action:
Together = Flexes spine
Singularly = rotation

124
Q

WHich are the deep abdominal muscles?

A

Transverse abdominis

Rectus abdominis

125
Q

Which are the mid abdominal muscles?

A

Internal oblique

126
Q

Which are the superficial (on top) abdominal muscles?

A

External oblique

127
Q

What are rotatores muscles and what do they do?

A

Short running muscles formed along entire vertebral column

Action is Extend and rotate

128
Q

What do interspinales muscles do?

A

Unite spinous proccesses

Action is extension

129
Q

What do intertransversii do?

A

Unite transverse processes

Action is lateral flexion

130
Q

What is the overall structure of the spine?

A

Cervical vertebrae C1-C7

Thoracic verterbrae T1-T12

Lumbar vertebrae L1-L5

Sacrum

Coccyx

131
Q

What’s the sternum manubrium?

A

Gap at top of sternum (which is bone in the middle of the ribs)

132
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus
Infrapinatus
Tetres Minor / Major
Subscapularis

133
Q

Origin, insertion and motion of the supraspinatus?

A

Supraspinous fossa

Superior facet of greater tubercle

External rotation

134
Q

Origin, insertion and motion of the infraspinatus?

A

Infraspinous fossa

Middle faet of greater tubercle

External rotation

135
Q

Origin, insertion and motion of the Teres minor?

A

Superior lateral border of scapula

Inferior facet of greater tubercle

External rotation

136
Q

Origin, insertion and motion of the teres major?

A

Inferior lateral border of scapula

Lesser tuberosity

Internal rotation

137
Q

Origin, insertion and motion of the Subscapularis?

A

Subscapular fossa

Lesser tuberosity

Internal rotation

138
Q

Origin, insertion and actions of the pectrolais minor?

A

Origin ribs 3-5

Insertion coracoid process

Action - scapula protraction

139
Q

Origin, insertion and actions of the serratus anterior?

A

Origin: ribs 1-9

Insertion: medial border of scapula

Action: scapula protraction

140
Q

Origin, insertion and actions of the rhomboid major?

A

Origin - spinous processes of the T2 to T5 vertebrae

Insertion - medial border of the scapula

Action - Keep the scapula pressed against the thoracic wall and retract the scapula toward the vertebral column

141
Q

Origin, insertion and actions of the rhomboid minor?

A

Origin - C7-T1

Insertion - medial border of the scapula

Action - Keep the scapula pressed against the thoracic wall and retract the scapula toward the vertebral column

142
Q

Origin, insertion and actions of the trapezius muscle?

A

Origin - occipital bone at the base of skull

Insertion - spine of the scapula

Action – support the shoulders and limbs and the rotation of the scapula necessary to raise the atms above shoulder level

143
Q

What are the joints in the knee?

A

Patellofemoral:
Gliding joint between patella (knee cap) and femur (thigh bone)

Tibiofemoral:
Hinge joint inbetween femur and tibia (shin bone) That rotates in sagittal plane causing flexion/extension

144
Q

Features of the patella (knee cap)?

A

It’s a sesamoid bone

Articulates with the trochlear groove of the feemur

Increases the leverage of the quadriceps at the knee

145
Q

What’s a bursa?

A

Fluid filled sac that reduces friction

146
Q

What are the bursae of the patella?

A

Prepatellar - middle
Suprapatellar - top
Infrapatellar - bottom

147
Q

What are the ligaments of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Lateral collateral ligament - side ligament on outside of knee
Medial collateral ligament - side ligament on inside of knee

Lateral meniscus - ligament going sideways in the middle of the knee which is nearest to the outside

Medial meniscus-ligament going sideways in the middle of the knee which is nearest to the inside

Anterior cruciate ligament - middle ligament crossing over which is more anterior

Posterior cruciate ligament - middle ligament crossing over which is more posterior

148
Q

Features of the deltoid (shoulder muscle)?

A

There is the deltoid anterior, medial and posterior

Origin is lateral third of clavicle and the spineof scapula

Insertion is deltoid tuberosity of humerus,

Anterior part flexes and medially rotates arm

Middle part: abducts arm

Posterior part: extends and laterally rotates arm

149
Q

Features of the subscapularis muscle?

A

Origin is the subscapular fossa of scapula

Insertion is the lesser tuberosity of humerus

Action- medially rotates arm and adducts it

150
Q

Features of the coracobrachialis muslcle?

A

Origin is the coracoid process of the scapula

Insertion is the medial shaft of the humerus

Action is adducts shoulder
Flexes shoulder

151
Q

Features of the Latissimus dorsi?

A

Origins:
Spinous processes of T6-T12
Lumbar and sacral vertebrae
Iliac crest

Insertion is the tubercular groove of humerus

Actions-
Extends
Medial rotates
adducts

152
Q

Fearures of the pectoralis major?

A

Origin- clavicular head, and sternocostal head

Insertion is lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

Action is adducts and medially rotates humerus

153
Q

What’s the tibia?

A

The shin bone

154
Q

What’s the fibula?

A

The bone running laterally to the tibia

155
Q

What’s the interosseous membrane?

A

Runs between tibia and fibula

Forms a fibrous joint and separates the anterior and posterior compartments

156
Q

Features of the tibialis anterior muscle?

A

Origin-
Lateral condyle and shaft of tibia

Insertion - medial cuneiform (bone of the foot)

Action is ankle dorsiflexion and inversion

157
Q

Features of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

Origin - fibula shaft

Insertion is the distal phalnx of great toe

Action is toe extension (dorsiflexion)

158
Q

Features of the extensor digtorum longus muscle?

A

Origin-lateral condyle and shaft of tibia

Insertion is the 4 lesser toes

Action is toe extension (dorsiflexion) and ankle dorsiflexion

159
Q

Features of the peronues fibularis longus (in the lateral compartment)?

A

Origin - shaft of fibula

Insertion is base of 5th metatarsal

Action is ankle eversion

160
Q

Features of the peronues fibularis Brevis (in the lateral compartment)?

A

Origin is the shaft of fibula (more distal than the longus)

Insertion is the tuberosity of 5th metatarsal

Action is ankle eversion

161
Q

Features of the deep muscle tibialis posterior?

A

Origin is shaft of tibia and fibua

Insertion is metatarsals 2-4

Supports longtidudinal arch of foot

162
Q

Features of the deep muscle flexor hallucis longus?

A

Origin is the shaft of the fibula

Insertion Is the Hallux (great toe)

Action is plantar flexes hallux (motion towards the floor)

163
Q

Feature of the deep muscle Flexor digitorum longus?

A

Origin is the shaft of tibia

Insertion is the distal phalanges 2-4 (lesser toes)

Action is flexion of lesser toes)

164
Q

Compartments of the lower leg muscles?

A

Lateral
Anterior
Deep muscles
Posterior

165
Q

Features of the deep muscle Popliteus?

A

Origin is the lateral condyle of femur

Insertion is the medial proximal shaft of the the tibia

Action is knee flexion and rotation

166
Q

Features of the gastrocnemius muscle in the posterior compartment?

A

Origin - medial and lateral condyle

Insertion is the Calcaneus

Action is flexes the knee

167
Q

Features of the soleus muscle in the posterior compartment?

A

Origin is the tibia soleal line

Insertion is the calcaneus

Action is plantarflexes the ankle (move towards the floor)

168
Q

Features of the plantaris muscle in the posterior compartment?

A

Origin is the lateral condyle of the femur

Insertion if the calcanues

Action is flexes the knee and plantarflexes the foot

169
Q

What are the metatarsal bones?

A

Long bones of the mid foot

Numbered 1-5 medial to lateral

170
Q

What are phalanges?

A

The bones of the toes

Labelled 2st to 5th from medial to lateral

And proximal to middle to distal

Great toe only has 2 phalanges (the hallux)

171
Q

What is pes planus?

A

Flat feet

The longitudinal arch is flattened

172
Q

Features of quadratus plantae?

A

Origin - Calcaneus
Insertion - tendon of flexor digitorum longus
Action - flexes lesser toes (2-5)

173
Q

What 3 bones is each hip bone made up of?

A

Ilium - (top bbit near the elephant ear shape)

ischium - bottom circular bit

Pubis - bit above the Ischium

174
Q

What are the hip extensor muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus
Bicep femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

175
Q

Features of the gluteus maximus?

A

Origin is posterior superior iliac crest and lots of areas around it

Insertion if primarily in fascia latae at the iliotibial band (down the side of your leg)

Actions are hip extension, lateral rotation, adduction and abduction of the hip

176
Q

What’s in the hamstring group?

A

Bicep femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

177
Q

Features of the biceps femoris?

A

It’s the most lateral hamstring and arises from 2 heads

Origin: Long head Hip ischial tuberosity

Short head: ;ateral aspect midway down the femur

Insertions: Both heads combine into the bekky of muscle which then inserts on the head of the fibula

Action - flexes the knee and extends the hip

178
Q

Features of the semitendinosus?

A

It is the middle hamstring and becomes a long tendon

Origin is the Ischial tuberosity of the hip

Insertion is the medial aspect of the tibia

Flexes the knee and extends the hip

179
Q

Features of the Semimembranosus?

A

It is the most medial hamstring

Origin is the Ischial tuberosity of the hip

Insertion is the medial condyle of the tibia

Action is it extends the hip and flexes the knee

180
Q

What are the hip abductors?

A 
Gluteus medius
Glueteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae (TFL)
Piriformis
Sartorius
181
Q

Features of the gluteus medius?

A

Large muscle of the outer surface of the ilium

Origin - lateral surface of the ilium

Insertions - Greater trochanter of the femur

Action - abducts and extends the hip

182
Q

Features of the glueteus minimus?

A

Occupies the outer surface of the ilium

Origin - body of the ilium

Insertions - greater trochanter of the femur

Action is abducts and extends the hip

183
Q

Features of the tensor fasciae latae?

A

Small quadricep muscle attached to the iliotibial tract

Origin - the Iliac crest

Insertion is the Illiotibial tract

Action is abducts the hip, and laterally rotates the femur

184
Q

Features of the Piriformis?

A

Origin is the anterior surface of thesacrum

Insetion is this greater trochanter of the femur

Action is abducts the hip, and laterally rotates the femur

185
Q

Features of the sartorius?

A

Longest muscle of the body

Origin is the anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion is the tibia

Action is abducts the femur, flexes the hip and knee

186
Q

Which are the thigh muscles in the quadriceps femoris group?

A

Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Rectus Femoris
Vastus intermedius

187
Q

Features of the vastus lateralis?

A

The most lateral of the quadriceps

Origin is the greater trochanter at the femur

Insertion is the Tibial tuberosity via patella tendon

Action is extends the knee

188
Q

Features of the vastus medialis?

A

The most medial quadricep

Origin is the medial lip of the linea aspera (head of femur bone)

Insertion is the tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon

Action is extends the knee

189
Q

Features of the vastus intermedius?

A

Deepest quadricep

Origin is the proximal two-thirds of the anterior surface of the femur

Insertion is the tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon

Action is extends the knee

Human Biosciences (69 decks)

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