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Human Biosciences > Microbiology Exam notes > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam notes Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria resistant to chloramphenicol typically inactivate this antibiotic by which method?

A

acetylation

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2
Q

DNA generated from mRNA by reverse transcription is called?

A

complementary DNA

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3
Q

Which of the following would you employ when staining endospores?

A

Malachite green

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4
Q

Escherichia coli is a?

A

Mesophile, lives in moderate temperatures

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5
Q

Which of the following organisms use organic compounds as both the carbon and energy source?

A

chemoautotroph

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6
Q

Natural bioluminesence of fungi is?

A

used by nematophagous fungi to attract their prey

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7
Q

Fungi that can form an intimate parasitic association with their hosts cells without killing them are known as?

A

biotrophs

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8
Q

Linnean classification is based on?

A

morphological similarities.

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9
Q

Which of the following terms has been used to denote fungi that lack a sexual stage?

A

Mitosporic fungi

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10
Q

What does unikonts include?

A

Opisthokonts (animals and fungi) and amoebozoa

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11
Q

Archezoa are

A

Protists without mitochondria

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12
Q

Adaptive radiation?

A

Describes organisms going into different niches

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13
Q

Convergent evolution?

A

Different organisms obtaining similar traits as in the same ecosystem

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14
Q

Parallel evolution?

A

Organisms obtaining same traits in same ecosystem at the same time

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15
Q

Primal Amoebic Meningoencephalitis is caused by?

A

Naegleria fowleri

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16
Q

What are hydrogensomes?

A

Anaerobic forms of the mitochondria

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17
Q

The monomeric subunits found in the fungal cell wall component chitin are?

A

N-acetylglucosamine

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18
Q

The fungal component of a lichen is often referred to as the

A

mycobiontpartner

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19
Q

The common edible field mushroom Agaricus campestris is a member of the?

A

Basidiomycota

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20
Q

Phialides are important spore bearing structures in fungi, they give rise to?

A

conidiospores

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21
Q

component of an archaeal phospholipid?

A

Phytanyl

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22
Q

DNA released from a cell can be taken up by another competent cell that lacks this DNA. This process is termed

A

Transformation

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23
Q

What are Chytrids?

A

Are simple aquatic fungi
Have chitin in their cell walls
Produce zoospores with one flagellum

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24
Q

Fungi are classified into phyla primarily on differences in?

A

Their reproductive structures

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25
Q

5 phyla of fungi?

A

Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) Zygomycota (conjugated fungi), Ascomycota (sac fungi) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Glomeromycota.

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26
Q

Largest phylum of fungi?

A

Ascomycota

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27
Q

Who didn’t win a Nobel prize on fungi?

A

Hawking

28
Q

What is penicillin?

A

A beta lactam

29
Q

What is the koji process the same as?

A

Solid State fermentation

30
Q

The current six eukaryotic supergroups are?

A

Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa, and Opisthokonta.

NOT ALL ARE PROTISTS

Chromalveolate and rhizaria grouped together as Sar

31
Q

The bikont-unikont division?

A

Some research suggests that a unikont (a eukaryotic cell with a single flagellum) was the ancestor of opisthokonts (Animals, Fungi, and related forms) and Amoebozoa, and a bikont was the ancestor of Archaeplastida (Plants and relatives), Excavata, Rhizaria, and Chromalveolata.

Used to root the eukaryotes

32
Q

What is the kinetoplast?

A

A large mitochondrial DNA complex found inside the mitochondria of a
group of protists called the kinetoplastids

33
Q

The Archezoa theory was discredited because

A

not compatible with serial endosymbiosis theory

34
Q

Water moulds belong to

A

Oomycota

35
Q

Fungal hyphae with two genetically distinct nuclei in one cell are said to be

A

Dikaryotic

36
Q

The person who described the “wee animalcules” was

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

37
Q

BCG is an example of a

A

Live attenuated recombinant vaccine

38
Q

The periplasm is

A

region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane of
Gram-negative Bacteria.

39
Q

Which of the following antibiotics targets DNA gyrase?

A

ciprofloxacin

40
Q

Different types of flagella?

A 
monotrichous - single
amphitrichous - on both
lophotrichous - tufts at one side
Amphitrichous - tufts at both sides
peritrichous - flagella everywhere
41
Q

Storage compounds of fungi?

A

Glycogen and trehalose

42
Q

Are fungi a monophyletic clade?

A

YES

43
Q

Main feature of Opisthokonts?

A

Have a posterior flagellum

44
Q

Extra feature on microsporidia?

A

lack mitochondria, peroxisomes and centrioles

Don’t infect plants and insects

Don’t have multicellular spores

DO POSSES CHITIN IN THEIR WALLS AND HAVE INTACT NUCLEAR MEMBRANES

45
Q

What are lichens?

A

Partnership between fungi and algae

Can reproduce sexually and asexually

46
Q

Which group of protists is able to recolonise bleached corals?

A

dinoflagellates

47
Q

The supercoiling of DNA involves?

A

Topoisomerase

48
Q

According to Koch’s postulates, after you observe the microbe in the diseased organisms for the first time, what must you do next?

A

Inoculate a healthy individual

49
Q

An oil-immersion lens is used in microscopy so that

A

light rays are collected to increase clarity.

50
Q

A bacterial biofilm is enclosed in an adhesive matrix that is principally composed of

A

polysaccharides.

51
Q

According to the Baltimore system of virus classification, what class of ssRNA(+) viruses use their own genomes as mRNA?

A

IV

52
Q

Viral replication occurs in

A

the intracellular state only.

53
Q

In the Baltimore system for classifying viruses, group I viruses have genomes composed of

A

dsDNA.

54
Q

The aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (aph) gene encodes a protein that confers resistance to which of the following antibiotics?

A

Kanamycin

55
Q

.Which group of protists are unicellular organisms with algal secondary symbionts that produce calcium carbonate coccoliths?

A

Haptophytes = (coccolithores)

56
Q

Extra fact on Ascoymycete?

A

Carry their sexual spores in a sac-like structure.

57
Q

Beadle and Tatum won the Nobel Prize for?

A

describing the one gene one enyzme hypothesis

58
Q

Which microbes cause the most economic damage to crops?

A

Fungi and Oomycetes

59
Q

The Oomycetes are responsible for?

A

potato late blight, which caused the Irish potato famine

60
Q

Jim Lake and colleagues (2004) described the tree of life as?

A

a ring or circle.

61
Q

The chloroplast or plastid was derived from the endosymbiotic integration of

A

cyanobacteria

62
Q

The endosymbiotic and bacterial ancestry of the mitochondria was identified by

A

discovery of bacterial genes in nuclear genomes.

63
Q

Carl Woese discovered Archaea, they are distinct from bacteria because they possess

A

chromosomes wrapped in histone-like proteins and make ether linked
membrane phospholipids.

64
Q

Lynn Margulis suggested an additional endosymbiosis in the origin of the eukaryotic cell that turned out to be incorrect. Her hypothesis was that?

A

a spirochete bacterium became the flagellum.

65
Q

Syphilis and Lyme disease are both caused by

A

spirochaetes.

66
Q

Metronidazole based drugs work against anaerobes because?

A

Their redox chemistry generates sufficiently high enough potentials that they can activate this pro-drug

Human Biosciences (69 decks)

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