Biofilms essay

Question 1

Main paragraph 1 introduction about biofilms?

Answer 1

Biofilms can be defined as communities of microorganisms attached to a surface. Undergo transition from being planktonic free swimming organismsto cells that are part of a complex, surface-attached community.

have identified genes and regulatory circuits important for initial cell-surface interactions, biofilm maturation, and the return of biofilm microorganisms to a planktonic mode of growth. (both O’Toole G, 2000)

public health problems such as outbreaks of foodborne pathogens, difficult to eradicate due to their resistant phenotype (Simões M, 2010)

Question 2

Main paragraph 1, biofilm formation?

Answer 2

pre-conditioning of the adhesion surface either by macromolecules present in the bulk liquid or intentionally coated on the surface
; 2. Transport of planktonic cells from the bulk liquid to the surface;
3. Adsorption of cells at the surface;
4. Desorption of reversibly adsorbed cells;
5. Irreversible adsorption of bacterial cells at a surface;
6. Production of cell–cell signalling molecules;
7. Transport of substrates to and within the biofilm;
8. Substrate metabolism by the biofilm-bound cells and transport of products out of the biofilm. These processes are accompanied by cell growth, replication, and EPS production;
(breyers, 2004)

Question 3

Main paragraph 2 biofilm formation?

Answer 3

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that produces diverse virulence factors, such as α-toxin, which is hemolytic.

Staphylococcus aurus biofilm formation aids it in drug resistance

(Lee K, 2014), showed that black pepper, cananga, and myrrh oils and their common constituent cis-nerolidol at 0.01 % markedly inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation.

three essential oils and cis-nerolidol at below 0.005 % almost abolished the hemolytic activity of S. aureus.

down-regulated the expressions of the α-toxin gene (hla), the nuclease genes, and the regulatory genes.

Concluding in provision of these factors can if yielding correctly could be essential as an anti virulence therapy against staphylococcus aurus

Question 4

Conclusion for paragraph about biofilm formation?

Answer 4

State overall findings
Who this could be used by (businesses)
Positive and negatives of the study

Question 5

Actual introduction?

Answer 5

EVERYTIME ANTIBIOTIC IS USED SHOULD BE ANTIMICROBIAL Describe my interpretation on the question

biofilms which comprise three-dimensional (3-D) networks of polysaccharides that attach microorganisms to surfaces and serve to protect them from external stresses, especially food sources resulting in economically unviable amount of food wastage (Vleugels M, 2005)

Implant-associated posttraumatic osteomyelitis. is caused by Prevalent pathogens from staphylococci species, especially S. aureus, 65% percentage of infections are biofilm related, and 60% healthcare acquired are biofilm related (Wagner. C, 2011)

which are both detrimental to the current economic position of the healthcare system. (Lenski, 1998) biofilm-based infections costs >$1 billion annually (Mah TF, 2001)

The importance of controlling biofilms - is exacerbated by the ever-growing presence of antibiotic resistance, aggravated by decades of sustained antibiotic use, stimulating bacterial adaptation via exchanges of genetic material in combination with chromosomal modifications protecting and adapting their biofilm formation hence resistance (Neu, 1992)

Describe how essay will answer the question (never first person)

Question 6

Introduction for paragraph 2?

Answer 6

The production of an exopolysaccharide matrix, or glycocalyx, is one of the distinguishing characteristics of biofilms. It has been suggested that this matrix, among other functions, prevents the access of antibiotics to the bacterial cells embedded in the community, hence they are difficult to control. (Mah TF, 2001)

Question 7

First Main bit for paragraph 2 on biofilms preventing access?

Answer 7

(de Beer D, 1994) showed that Chlorine, a commonly used disinfectant, did not reach >20% of the bulk media’s concentration within a mixed Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa biofilm, as measured by a chlorine-detecting microelectrode

Supporting the defence the biofilm forms

Question 8

Second main bit for paragraph 2 on biofilms preventing access?

Answer 8

(Suci et al 1994). used infrared spectroscopy to show that the rate of transport of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin to the surface of a colonized surface (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was reduced compared with transport to a sterile surface again supporting the idea of the biofilm preventing access to the microorganism

Question 9

Conclusion for biofilms preventing access?

Answer 9

Concluding statement linking back to question, after analysing positives and negatives of studies and who they affect

Question 10

Overall conclusion?

Answer 10

state essay question and give answer

Say how anti microbial can be developed more clinical trial

Describe weaknesses, but strengths as well

Practical application

Further study

Strong concluding sentence