Final Exercise physiology deck Flashcards
Which equation below accurately represents the CO2 buffering equation at the lungs?
HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3 = CO2 + H20
What term is used to describe the blueish tinge tissue exhibits during hypoxia?
Cyanosis
Which of the following occur immediately when exposed to high altitude?
The ventilation rate increases
What distance above sea-level would be classed as ‘high’ altitude, where altitude sickness and acclimatisation become clinically relevant, and performance is considerably impaired?
3000 – 6000 meters
What is the average lactate concentration at rest?
1 mM
Which are the physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents?
A. 60 or more minutes of MVPA/day
The QRS complex represents
Ventricular depolarization
Where is the electrical activity of the heart generated?
Sinoatrial node
How does the process of aging affect VO2max in adult men and women?
It declines approximately 1% per year and occurs twice as fast in sedentary compared to physically active
Men and women attain their highest bone mass levels between the ages…?
20-40
What percentage of our vitamin D comes from the sun?
90%
What is the amino acid precursor to dopamine?
Tyrosine
List some of the key physiological changes that occur with age?
40% decline in spinal cord axons
10% decline in nerve conduction velocity, due to structural changes in myelinated neurones, resulting in increased internal distances, decreasing signal jumping over Schwann cells
Also a loss of fastest conducting axons and decrease in soma size
It declines approximately 1% per year and occurs twice as fast in sedentary compared to physically active (VO2)
Bone mass decreases after 40
Explain the topic of altitude sickness?
Acute altitude sickness ‣ Headache ‣ Nausea ‣ Fatigue ‣ Causes Ascending faster than 500m/d
high altitude pulmonary oedema:
develops 2-3 days when higher than 2500m
Can be fatal within hours
Accumulation of fluid in the lungs that prevents air spaces from opening up and filling with fresh air with each breath
bad coughing symptoms
high altitude cerebral oedema:
An increase in blood flow to the brain is a normal response to low oxygen levels, as needs to maintain the oxygen to the brain. However, if the blood vessels in the brain are damage fluid may leak out and result in death
What’s the ventilatory threshold?
The point at which pulmonary ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen consumption during graded exercise
Figure
VO2 on the x axis (VO2 ml.min^-1) up to 4500
VCO2 on the y axis (ml.min^-1) up to 6000
Draw one line with not that steep gradient
Draw one with a steeper gradient further on and crossing over
Label crossing over point as ventilatory threshold
Calculations for Oxygen carrying capacity of blood?
Units are ml per litre of blood
{O2} = ({HB} x 1.34 x 0.97) + (PO2 x 0.003)
{HB} = males 150g/1L, females 130g/1L
PO2 = 100
- 34 represents ml O2 g Hb
- 97 represents 97% saturation
- 003 represents O2 solubility
If asked:
Total = both sides of the equation
Toddler activity guideline?
Physically active daily for at least 180 minutes (3hours), spread throughout the day.
‣ All under 5s should minimise the amount of time spent being sedentary (being restrained or sitting) for extended periods.
Equation for CO2 + H2O to HCO3- and it relating to chloride shift?
takes place when the blood gives up oxygen and receives carbon dioxide.
CO2 + H2O = (via carbonic anhydrase) H2CO3 = H(+) + HCO3-
HCO3- leaves the red blood cell, Cl- moves in to restore charge
Ficks law of diffusion?
THE RATE OF GAS TRANSFER IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE TISSUE AREA, THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT OF THE GAS, AND THE DIFFERENCE IN PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THE GAS ON THE TWO SIDES OF THE TISSUE, AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE THICKNESS
V GAS = ((P1-P2) x A x D)) / T
What is Boyle’s Law?
Pressure of a gas in a closed container inversely proportional to volume of container at a constant temperature
P1V1 = P2V2
What is Henry’s law?
When a mixture of gas is in contact with a liquid each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to it’s partial pressure and solubility until equilibrium is achieved and the gas partial pressure are equal in both locations
Solubility is constant
Pressure gradient is critical - gas diffuse from high pressure areas to low pressure areas
What is Daltons law
Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of its components: P Total = P gas 1 + P gas 2 + P gas 3 .
- Describe the changes in neural function with training and age?
40% decline in spinal cord axons
10% decline in nerve conduction velocity, due to structural changes in myelinated neurones, resulting in increased internal distances, decreasing signal jumping over Schwann cells
Also a loss of fastest conducting axons and decrease in soma size
Resistance training can reduce it by increasing muscle hypertrophy
What is voluntary activation and the formula?
The level of neural drive to muscle during exercise
estimated by interpolation of a single supramaximal electrical stimulus to the motor nerve during an isometric voluntary contraction
(%) = (1 –a/b) × 100
Human breathing?
Accessory muscles
Diaphragm 75% (in the exam)
Intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles
Steps of Inhalation:
Diaphragm flattens
External intercostals Up and Out, causing elevation of ribs
Increase Volume
Decrease Pressure
Air rushes in
Steps of exhalation at rest:
Passive process
Elastic recoil
Decrease Volume
Increase pressure
Air forced out
During exercise:
Becomes an active process
Muscles used are the internal intercostals, external obliques, rectus abdomens, transverse abdominus
