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ortho > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is growth

A

Anatomical invcrease in size or number

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2
Q

what is development

A

physiologic due to increase in organization, complexity, specialization at the expense of loss in potential

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3
Q

how does the madible change

A

via growth and development

- changein position and shape from translation and remodeling

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4
Q

what does development of the mandible lead to

A

higher specialization for functions of mastication and speech

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5
Q

how does the mandible grow

A

growth is upwards and backwards

- pushes the mandible forward and downward

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6
Q

is normal growth random

A

No, follows pattern

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7
Q

what is the gradient of growth for the body

A

head it full size first and feet are full size last

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8
Q

what is the gradient of growth for the head

A

cranium grows fast and first

mandible grows to correct size last

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9
Q

what is used to look at the growth rate of differentient tissues of the body

A

Scammon’s growth curves

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10
Q

what tissues in the body grow the fastest

A 
Lymphoid
Neural
maxillary
mandibular
general
genitals
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11
Q

what does gradient changes in height and weight show

A

Significant health isssues

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12
Q

when are variations in growth due to timing most evident

A

During adolescence

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13
Q

craniometry

A

Measuring cranial width

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14
Q

anthropometry

A

measuring cranial circumference

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15
Q

what are the 3D methods to image the head

A

CAT scans
Cone beam CT
Magnetic resonance imaging

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16
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

Growth that occurs by a combo of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and secretion of ECM within tissues

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17
Q

how common is interstitial growth

A

Done in all soft tissues

Cartilage

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18
Q

how does the cranial base grow

A

Interstitial growth

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19
Q

what happens if the ECM of interstitial growth is not mineralized

A

growth may continue in soft tissue and cartilages

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20
Q

what is appositional growth

A

Growth that occcurs by a combo of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, secretion of ECM at the surface of bone

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21
Q

how does the bony surface of the crnail vault growth

A

Appositional growth

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22
Q

how does the bony surface of the maxilla and mandible growth

A

appositional growth

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23
Q

can interstitial growth occur within bone

A

No

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24
Q

can interstitial growth occur within cartialge

A

Yes

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25
Q

how can growth occur once cartialge has turned into bone

A

Apposition

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26
Q

what is endochondral growth

A

Bone growth within cartialge

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27
Q

how does endochondral growth occur

A

Ossification centers occur within cartialge

cartilage transformed into bone

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28
Q

what does endochondral ossification

A

Chondrocranium (ethmoid, sphenoid, basiooccipital bones)

epiphyseal plate cartialge of long bones

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29
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

secretion of bone matrix within/between connective tissue membranes
- no cartialge, no replacement of cartialge

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30
Q

what does intramembranous ossicification

A

Desmocranium (cranial vault, maxilla, mandible)

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31
Q

does the mandible arise from meckel’s cartilage

A

No

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32
Q

what does the condylar cartialge come from

A

Secondary cartilage (not meckel’s cartilage)

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33
Q

where does surface modeling happen

A

Occurs at the surface of growthing endochondral and intramembranous bones

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34
Q

does surface and internal remodeling change bone shape

A

Only surface does

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35
Q

what allows for internal remodeling

A

Vascular channels within bones bring osteocytes to the area

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36
Q

why is internal remodeling important

A

adapt to mechanical stress

exchange Ca and P

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37
Q

where does Craniofacial growth occur

A

Cranial vault
Cranial base
Nasomaxillary complex
Mandible

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38
Q

how id the cranial vault formed

A

from flat bones via intramembranous formation

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39
Q

what does periosteal activity at the cranial vault lead to

A

Bone modeling both at sutures and innter and outer surfaces

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40
Q

how does the brain case grow

A

Primarily by apposition of new bone at sutures

modeling of inner and outer surface of bones

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41
Q

how are the bones of the cranial base formed

A

endochondral ossification

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42
Q

bones of the cranial base

A

ethmoid
sphenoid
basi-occipital bones

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43
Q

what joints are found between bones of the cranial base

A

immovable cartilaginous synchondrosises

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44
Q

where does growth occur in the cranial base

A

Endochondral growth within synchondrosis to lengthen area of the cranial base

45
Q

what connects a suture

A

Connective tissue

46
Q

how does a suture growth

A

Direct ossification (appositional)

47
Q

how is the nasomaxillary complex made

A

Intramembranous ossification

48
Q

how does the growth of the nasomaxilary complex occur

A

Appositiona and surface modeling

49
Q

how does the maxilla translate

A

Down and forward by apposition of bone at the circum-maxillary sutures

50
Q

how is surface modeling of the maxilla done

A

Anterior bone is resorbed
Apposition of bone at maxillary tuberosity

Floor of nose resorbed
Apposition at the palate and alveolar process

51
Q

what does surface modeling of the maxilla lead to

A

Palate moves downward and widens

52
Q

how does the mandible growth

A

Endochondral growth at the condyl cargilage

rest is by apposition and modeling

53
Q

where is the principle site of growth

A

Posterior surface of ramus and the condylar/coronoid processes
resorbed at the anterior

54
Q

what is a site of growth

A

Location where growth occurs

55
Q

what is a center of growth

A

Location at which independent growth occurs

56
Q

how are sites and centers of growth related

A

Centers of growth are also sites, but not the reverse

57
Q

what is the suture theory of growth

A

All tissues that form bone intrinsically are able to too, and Growth centers are the source of genetically controlled growth

58
Q

what strucutures does the suture theory include

A

Sutures
Periosteum
Synchondroses
Mandibular condyl

59
Q

what should that suture theory is not true

A

Transplantation studies

Mech pull at sututres

60
Q

do we beleive in the suture theory

A

No, sutures and periosteum are growth sites (not centers) that react to other structures

61
Q

what is the cartilage growth theory

A

All cartilages are growth centers

62
Q

what are the growth centers for the mandible, maxilla, and cranial base due to the cartilage theory

A

Mandibular condyle
nasal septum cartilage
synchondroses of cranil base

63
Q

what supports the cartilage theory

A
  • Transplanted cartilage from synchondroses and nasal septum capable of growth (growth centers)
  • early loss of nasal septum, results in midface deficinency
64
Q

what doesn’t support the cartilage theory of growth

A

transplanted mandibular condyle cartilage is less growth (not a growth center)

  • some reduction of growth of mandible if injured but not much
    • new condyle regenerates at fracture site
65
Q

what is the functional matrix theory of growth

A

heredity and genes plat no role in growth of Cranial facial skeletal

  • growth of face occurs in response to functional needs, mediated by soft tissues near bone
  • ALL bone forming tissues are merely growth sites
66
Q

mandibular ankylosis

A

Infection to the TMJ area leads to scaring preventing growth of mandible

67
Q

what is the clinical application of the functional matrix theory

A
  • Rapid Palatal expansion leads to new bone forming

- distraction osteogenesis: tension causes bone to fill at splits

68
Q

where are the holes in the functional matrix theory

A

not clear as to how functional needs are transmitted to the tissues of the mouth and nose

69
Q

what has recent bio shown about genes involved in craniofacial growth/development

A

Involved in hereditary and mech modulation of craniofacial growth and development

70
Q

what causes the cranium to grow

A

Brain (sutures and perisoteum are growth sites)

71
Q

what cuses growth of cranial base

A

Endochondral at synchodroses (growth centers)

72
Q

what causes growth of maxilla

A
  • modeling of bone translated by soft tissues (sutures and periosteum= growth sites)
  • endochondral growth at the nasal septum cartilage (growth center)
73
Q

what causes growth of mandible

A

Endo growth at condyl with surface modeling translated via soft tissues (condyl+ peirosteum = growth sites)

74
Q

what happens in adolescence

A

Growth spurt takes place
Fertility attained
Lots of physio and psych changes take place

75
Q

what does pubery depend on

A

Levels of sex hormones cause changes in growth and development

76
Q

what do sex hormones cuase

A

Accelerated genital growth
sec sex characteristics
accelerated general body growth and shrinking of lymphoid tissue

77
Q

how do sex hormones affect endochondral growth

A

increase cartilage growth

increase transformation of cartilage to bone

78
Q

how much later do males do growth spurt

A

1.5-2 years

79
Q

how related are secondary sex characteristics to an individual on the growth curve

A

well related

80
Q

what part of the face is growth in height related

A

Jaw growth

81
Q

what happens at the beginning and end of male growth spirt

A

Beginning: growth
End: facial hair pigmented and mature voice

82
Q

length of male and female growth spurt

A

Male:5 years
Female: 3 years

83
Q

what happens at the beginning and end of gemal growth spirt

A

Begin: boobs
End: menarche

84
Q

how do cervical vertebra change as you gro

A

Get more tall and concave shapped

85
Q

what growth curve does the mandible grow as

A

General growth curve

86
Q

what growth curve does teh amxilla follow

A

Neural growth curve

87
Q

what is comparison of growth time of the mandible of width, height, and length

A

width stops first
Length middle
height last

88
Q

what part of width does not stop before the growth spurt

A

Alveolar arch widen in area of molar eruption

89
Q

what still grows through puberty in the face

A

Length

Height

90
Q

why does the height of the face grow longer than the length

A

Verticle growth of mandible

91
Q

what is the eruption sequence

A 
Man 1st molar
Max 1st molar
man central inc
max central in
man lat inc
max lat inc
max 1st premol
man canine
man 1st premol
max2nd premol
man 2nd premol
max caine
man 2nd molar
max 2nd molar
man/max 3rd molar
92
Q

where are permanent incisors located in relation to primary incisors

A

lie lingual to primary incisors

93
Q

why are primary incisors separated(incisor liability)

A

permanent incisors are 2-3.5mm/quadrant wider

94
Q

what allows larger incisors to come

A

Normal spacing (developmental and primate)
labial eutpion of permanent max incisors)
increased arch width
distal reposition of canines of manidble

95
Q

wheree are developmental spaces found

A

BEtween incisors

96
Q

where are primate spaces

A

Maxillary: mesial of canine
Mand: distal of canine

97
Q

how common is spacing in children

A

60-70%

98
Q

how do canines erupt in comparison to primary

A

Buccal

99
Q

when will a central diastema close

A

in the maxillary arch, less than 2 mm with mixed dentition

100
Q

what is leeway space

A

the difference in M-D width between primary canine/molars and perm. canine/pre-molars

101
Q

where do permanent molars move into slightly

A

Leeway space

102
Q

when should you do ortho is anterior crowding is present

A

just before primary 2nd molar exfoliate

103
Q

mesial step molars develop into

A

Class I

104
Q

flush terminal plane develops into what

A

Class II

105
Q

distal step develops into what

A

Class II

106
Q

what is the E space

A

The leeway space infront of the molars

107
Q

what molars tend to move into the E space by moving Mesially

A

mandibular molars more than maxillary

108
Q

what are the characteritics of normal growth

A

within 2 std dev of 50 percent (3-97%)

dont change percentile dramatically

ortho (22 decks)

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