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Anatomy > Exam 3 - The Heart and the Pericardium > Flashcards

Exam 3 - The Heart and the Pericardium Flashcards

1
Q

What type of membrane is the pericardium?

A

fibroserous

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2
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A

thick fibrous layer, inner thin serous layer

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3
Q

What are the components of the inner thin serous layer?

A

Parietal layer that faces the thick fibrous layer

visceral layer that faces the heart

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4
Q

What is another term for the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

epicardium

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5
Q

What is the space in between the parietal and visceral layer known as?

A

the pericardial cavity

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6
Q

What is located in the pericardial cavity?

A

a small amount of fluid to lubricate the heart

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7
Q

What connects the pericardium and the sternum and the diaphragm?

A

the phrenico-pericardiac ligament/the sternopericardiac ligament

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8
Q

Where is the phrenico-pericardiac ligament located?

A

At the apex of the heart

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9
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

the inflammation of the pericardium

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10
Q

What can cause pericarditis?

A

infection or penetrating wounds from sharp objects from the stomach

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11
Q

How does pericarditis affect the heart?

A

leads to excessive production of pericardial fluid from the cells lining the serous layers of the pericardium and increases the intra-pericardiac pressure and decreases cardiac output

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12
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

in between two mediastinal plurae, in the middle of thorax

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13
Q

What is a hydrothorax?

A

excessive pleural fluid secreted by the serous membrane in the case of pleuritis

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14
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

air in the pleural cavity due to stab wounds at the cupulae pleura or lungs

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15
Q

What is a hemothorax?

A

collection of blood in the mediastinum that can spread to the pleural cavity due to a puncture in the mediastinal pleura

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16
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

heart, major blood vessels lymph nodes, lymphatics, nerves, longus colli, esophagus, and the trachea

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17
Q

Where does the base of the heart face?

A

dorsocranially

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18
Q

Where does the apex of the heart face?

A

ventrocaudally

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19
Q

What side can the heart be auscultated from in the cat?

A

both sides

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20
Q

Where can the heart be auscultated in the dog?

A

on the right side from the 3rd to 5th intercostal spaces

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21
Q

Where is the cardiac notch present in the cat?

A

on both sides

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22
Q

What are the surfaces of the heart?

A

the auricular surface and the atrial surface

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23
Q

What does the auricular surface face?

A

the left thoracic wall

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24
Q

What structures are visible from the left side?

A

the left and right auricles, entire left atrium, greater part of the left ventricle, and a part of the right ventricle

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25
Q

What dies the atrial surface face?

A

the right thoracic wall

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26
Q

What structures are visible from the right side?

A

the right atrium, greater part of the right ventricle and a part of the left ventricle

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27
Q

What is the coronary groove?

A

circumferential groove that demarcates the ventricle from the atria except at the conus arteriosus

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28
Q

What is the conus arteriosus?

A

cranio-dorsal part of the right ventricle that gives rise to the pulmonary trunk and arteries

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29
Q

What is the interventricular groove?

A

mark the partition between the left and right ventricles which coincide with the interventricular septum internally

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30
Q

Where is the paraconal interventricular groove?

A

lies parallel to the conus arteriosus on the left and is covered by the left auricle at its origin; does not reach the apex

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31
Q

Where is the subsinusoidal interventricular groove?

A

indistinct groove on the right side, lies below the large coronary sinus and runs into the coronary groove on the right side

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32
Q

What are the chambers if the heart?

A

right and left atrium, right and left ventricle

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33
Q

Where is the right atrium located?

A

dorsal cranial to the right ventricle

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34
Q

What does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

cranial and caudal vena cava, coronary sinus, and the azygos vein (in some dogs)

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35
Q

In the cat, where does the azygos vein empty into?

A

the right atrium; it is common for the cat whereas it is uncommon for the dog

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36
Q

What are the components of the right atrium?

A

the sinous venarum cavarum, the auricle, the intervenous tubercle/crest, the fossa ovalis, and the coronary sinus

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37
Q

Where is the intervenous tubercle/crest?

A

proximal to the sinous venarum cavarum between the two openings of the vena cavas

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38
Q

What is the sinous venarum cavarum?

A

the main chamber of the right atrium

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39
Q

What is the function of the intervenous tubercle/crest?

A

divert venous blood towards the right ventricle

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40
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

the oval shaped fossa located caudomedial to the intervenous tubercle/crest

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41
Q

What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of?

A

the foramen ovale from fetal life

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42
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located?

A

just ventrally to the opening of the caudal vena cava

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43
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

the opening for the great cardiac vein directly into the right atrium

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44
Q

Where is the right auricle located?

A

cranioventral to the atrium

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45
Q

What is the wall of the right auricle supported by?

A

the pectinate muscles

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46
Q

Aside from the right auricle, where in the right atrium are pectinate muscles located?

A

on the lateral wall

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47
Q

What is the function of the pectinate muscles?

A

prevent turbulance

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48
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

thick ridge of cardiac muscle

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49
Q

Where is the crista terminalis located?

A

between the entrance of the cranial vena cava and the right atrioventricular orifice

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50
Q

What does the crista terminalis demarcate?

A

the sinus venarum cavarum from the auricle

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51
Q

Where is the left atrium located?

A

dorsocranial to the left ventricle

52
Q

Where does the left atrium receive blood from?

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs via several pulmonary veins

53
Q

Where do the largest pulmonary veins come from?

A

the caudal lobes of the lungs

54
Q

Where is the left auricle located?

A

caudal to the conus arteriosus and the pulmonary trunk

55
Q

What separates the left and the right auricles?

A

conus arteriosus and the pulmonary trunk

56
Q

True or false: Pectinate muscles are present in both the left auricle and the lateral wall of the left atrium.

A

False - they are only present in the left auricle

57
Q

If present, where is the valve of the foramen ovale located?

A

on the septal wall of the left atrium at the same level as the fossa ovalis on the right

58
Q

True or False: The intervenous tubercle and crista terminalis are absent in the left atrium

A

True - they are only present in the right atrium

59
Q

Where is the right ventricle located?

A

on the ventrocranial aspect of the heart

60
Q

Where does the right ventricle receive blood from?

A

the right atrium

61
Q

Through what does the right ventricle receive blood?

A

the right atrioventricular ostium

62
Q

Where is the right atrioventricular ostium located?

A

between the cusps of the right atrioventricular valve

63
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood?

A

to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk

64
Q

Why does the right ventricle send blood to the lungs?

A

to oxygenate it

65
Q

What is the supraventricular crest?

A

a muscular ridge between the right atrioventricular valve and the pulmonary trunk ostium

66
Q

Which ventricle extends to the apex of the heart?

A

the left ventricle

67
Q

What are the dimensions of the right ventricle?

A

extends from the subsinusoidal interventricular groove to the conus arteriosus cranially and the paraconal interventricular groove ventrolaterally to the coronary groove dorsally

68
Q

Which ventricular wall is thicker?

A

the left one

69
Q

What are the trabeculae carnae?

A

muscular ridges located on the interior wall of the ventricle

70
Q

Which ventricle has more prominent trabeculae carnae?

A

the left ventricle because it has to be strong enough to pump blood to the entire body

71
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

conical-shaped muscular ridges on the septal wall; usually 4

72
Q

What are the chordae tendinae?

A

fibromuscular cords that arise from the papillary muscles

73
Q

What is the function of chordae tendinae?

A

secure the cusps to the septal wall to prevent eversion of the valves

74
Q

What are the septomarginal trabecule?

A

fibromuscular cords that connect the septal wall to the outer wall

75
Q

What is located within the septomarginal trabeculae?

A

contain cardiac conduction fibers

76
Q

What is the function of the cardiac conduction fibers?

A

conduct impulses directly to the papillary muscles in advance to activate cusps to close the valve just prior to ventricular systole

77
Q

Where is the left ventricle located?

A

on the ventrocaudal aspect of the heart extending into the apex

78
Q

Where does the left ventricle receive blood from?

A

from the left atrium

79
Q

Through what does the left ventricle receive blood?

A

left atrioventricular ostium

80
Q

Where is the left atrioventricular ostium located?

A

in between the cusps of the left atrioventricular valve

81
Q

What does the left ventricle pump blood to?

A

the aorta

82
Q

What does blood leave through in order to get to the aorta?

A

the aortic ostium

83
Q

What is the subauricular papillary muscle?

A

a large papillary muscle located anteriorly below the level of the left auricle

84
Q

What is the subatrial papillary muscle?

A

a large papillary muscle located posteriorly below the level of the left atrium

85
Q

What structure is associated with the subauricular and subatrial papillary muscles?

A

chordae tendinae that carry conduction fibers with them

86
Q

Why are the chordae tendinae in the left ventricle stronger than the right ventricle?

A

because the ventricular systole pressure is greater in the left than in the right

87
Q

Where are the trabeculae carneae located in the left ventricle?

A

in the interventricular septum

88
Q

What separates the left and the right atrium?

A

the inter-atrial septum

89
Q

What separates the left and the right ventricle?

A

the interventricular septum

90
Q

What demarcates the interventricular septum externally?

A

the paraconal interventricular and subsinusoidal interventricular grooves

91
Q

Where are the coronary artery branches located?

A

in the paraconal interventricular and subsinusoidal interventricular grooves

92
Q

What is systole?

A

when ventricles contract; high ventricular pressure

93
Q

What is diastole?

A

when ventricles relax; low ventricular pressure

94
Q

What demarcates the atria and ventricles?

A

the coronary groove

95
Q

How do the atrium and the ventricle of the same side communicate?

A

via the atrio-ventricular ostium

96
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

the intake valves of the ventricles

97
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

to prevent back flow of blood into the atrium during the systolic phase of the heart beat

98
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton made up of?

A

fibrous rings that separate the musculature of the atria from ventricles

99
Q

What are the basal borders of the cusps attached to?

A

the cardiac skeleton

100
Q

What serves as a skeletal base for cardiac muscle attachment?

A

the cardiac skeleton

101
Q

What do the fibrous rings separate?

A

the thin atrial musculature from the thick ventricular musculature which is important for the independent contraction cycle for atria and ventricles

102
Q

What are the free ventral borders of the cusps connected to?

A

the chordae tendinae which prevent the cusps displacement during the systolic phase of the cardiac beat

103
Q

How many cusps does the left atrioventricular valve have and what are they called?

A

two cusps; septal and marginal which make up the bicuspid valve

104
Q

How many cusps does the right atrioventricular valve have?

A

three; tricuspid valve

105
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

at almost the center of the base of the heart and is medial to the septal cusp of the left atrioventricular valve

106
Q

Where is the aortic bulb located?

A

at the base of the left ventricle

107
Q

What is located inside the aortic bulb?

A

three semilunar cusps from the aortic valve

108
Q

Where are the aortic sinuses located?

A

in the aortic bulb, between the wall of the aorta and the cusps

109
Q

What does the coronary sinus arise from?

A

two of the aortic sinuses

110
Q

Where does the left coronary artery arise from?

A

the left coronary sinus

111
Q

Where does the right coronary artery arise from?

A

the right coronary sinus

112
Q

What is the function of the aortic cusps?

A

to prevent the back flow of blood into the left ventricle soon after the systolic phase of the heart beat

113
Q

Where is the conus arteriosus located?

A

on the craniodorsal aspect of the right ventricle

114
Q

What forms the pulmonary valve and the pulmonary sinuses?

A

three semilunar cusps located in the conus arteriosus

115
Q

True or False: The coronary veins arise from the pulmonary sinuses

A

false: nothing arises from the pulmonary sinuses

116
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary cusps?

A

to prevent back flow of blood into the right ventricle soon after the systolic phase of the heart beat

117
Q

Where is the site of auscultation for the aortic valve?

A

horizontal line parallel to the sternum from the level of the shoulder joint that intersects the 4th intercostal space on the left side

118
Q

Where is the site of auscultation for the right atrioventricular valve?

A

on the right side at the 4th intercostal space

119
Q

Where is the site of auscultation for the pulmonary valve?

A

on the left and right side at the 3rd intercostal space

120
Q

Where is the site of auscultation for the left atrioventricular valve?

A

on the left side at the 5th intercostal space

121
Q

Why do pulmonary arteries have blue latex?

A

because they are bringing deoxygenated blood to the lungs

122
Q

Why do pulmonary veins have red latex?

A

because they are bringing oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

123
Q

The _____ ______ contracts and opens the ______ __________ _______ to bring blood to the right ventricle.

A

right atrium, right atrioventricular valve

124
Q

The right ventricle __________ which causes the _______ _______ to close the _____ _________ ______ which opens the ________ _________ to send blood to the lungs.

A

contracts, tricuspid valve, right atrioventricular ostium, pulmonary valves

125
Q

Blood flows through the ________ _______ to the lungs for _________ and then is sent through the _______ _______ to the left atrium.

A

pulmonary trunk, oxygenation, pulmonary veins

126
Q

The _______ ______ contracts and opens the _______ _____________ ______ to send blood into the left ventricle.

A

left atrium, left atrioventricular valve

127
Q

The left ventricle _________ causing the _______ _______ to close the ____ ___________ _____, which causes the _______ _____ to open and send blood to the _______

A

contracts, bicuspid valve, left atrioventricular ostium, aortic valves, aorta

Anatomy (27 decks)

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