Hypothalamus/Pituitary

Question 1

In prediabetes, oxytocin increases peripheral glucose uptake by a ________ mechanism, but not via the insulin receptor pathway

Answer 1

GLUT-4

Question 2

During intraaxonal transport of precursor ADH and oxytocin, what is it cleaved into?

Answer 2

ADH/ oxytocin
Neurophysin
terminal glycoprotein

Question 3

Is BNP more abundant in the ventricle or atria

Answer 3

ventricle

Question 4

Where are ADH and oxytocin synthesized

Answer 4

hypothalamic neuronal cell bodes (magnocellular neurons)

Question 5

What are the neurons involved in signal transmission from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

Answer 5

Parvicellular neurons

Question 6

ADH binds to which neurophysin?

Oxytocin bind to which neurophysin?

Answer 6

ADH = NP 2
oxytocin = NP 1

Question 7

ADH and oxytocin are co-secreted with

Answer 7

neurophysins

Question 8

Is oxytocin more abundant in the ventricle or atria

Answer 8

3-4x more abundant in the atria

Question 9

What are the neurons involved in signal transmission from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

Answer 9

magnocellular neurons

Question 10

How are ADH and oxytocin transported?

Answer 10

in axons with neurophysins

Question 11

Oxytocin regulates cardiac function by modulating the ____________ system and inotropicity

Answer 11

parasympathetic

Question 12

Releasing hormones regulate the secretion of ____________ from cell types of the anterior pituitary

Answer 12

tropic hormones

Question 13

What is the role of neurophysin?

Answer 13

carrier proteins that prevent diffusion of hormones (oxytocin and ADH) out of axons

Question 14

A decrease in blood volume of _____% elicits an increase ADH release

Answer 14

8-10%!!

Question 15

Magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus project their axons down the ___________ and terminate in the _________ where they release their hormones into a _________

Answer 15

infundibular process
posterior lobe
capillary bed

Question 16

Is ANP more abundant in the ventricle or atria

Answer 16

more abundant in the atria

Question 17

What is the effect of oxytocin in the peripheral arterioles

Answer 17

oxytocin induces NO-dependent vasodilation, decreasing BP and resistance to blood flow.

Question 18

What is the plasma half-life of ADH and oxytocin

Answer 18

short! ~ 8 min

Question 19

The result of ADH release is an increase in _____ and a decrease in ______ with low urine output

Answer 19

plasma volume

osmolarity

Question 20

Oxytocin effects on blood pressure:

Oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary into the plasma, where it can bind to receptors in the:

Answer 20

vasculature
kidney
cardiac tissue

Question 21

What are the two types of oxytocin that exist in the heart

Answer 21

pituitary oxytocin

local oxytocin

Question 22

In cardiac muscle, oxytocin binds to receptors resulting in:

Answer 22

synthesis and release of ANP and NO

negative inotropic and chronotropic effects

Question 23

Oxytocin stimulates _____, _______, ______ and _____via RENAL oxytocin receptors

Answer 23

diuresis
natriuresis
kaliuresis
decreased plasma volume

Question 24

ADH targets the kidney by acting on a ____ receptor

Answer 24

v2

Question 25

Hormones of the Posterior pituitary

Answer 25

``` oxytocin arginine vasopressin (ADH) ```

Question 26

Other than plasma osmolarity, ADH release can be stimulated by

Answer 26

a decrease in blood volume or blood pressure | not as sensitive!

Question 27

Small changes in plasma osmolarity above a threshold of __________ mOsm/L produce an increase in ADH release before stimulation of _______

Answer 27

280-284 thirst

Question 28

What classification of hormone are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary (oxytocin and ADH)

Answer 28

neuropeptides

Question 29

ADH acts on the _____ receptor to induce vasoconstriction

Answer 29

V1

Question 30

Activation of peripheral aortic baroreceptors in response to stimuli (blood volume, HTN, etc) within the ____________________ results in activation of the _________________ which in turn induces synthesis of ________________ in the hypothalamic parvicelluar neurons (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON)

Answer 30

nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) oxytocinergic neurones (Otn) Oxytocin (OT)

Question 31

Increased levels of plasma oxytocin (or increased OTn) results in a reduction of _______ which leads to a decreased production of ________

Answer 31

``` corticotropin RF (CRF) cortisol ```

Question 32

Hormones of the anterior pituitary

Answer 32

``` ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) GH (growth hormone) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) PRL (prolactin) LH (luteinizing hormone) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) ```

Question 33

Parvicellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus project axons to the ________ where they secrete _____ which flow down the pituitary stalk in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels to the _____`

Answer 33

median eminence releasing hormones anterior pituitary

Question 34

Oxytocin causes ANP/BNP release fro cardiomyocyte and _____, in turn, stimulates the release of ________

Answer 34

ANP | nitric oxide from vascular endothelium

Question 35

Oxytocin's vasodilatory effect on peripheral arterioles through NO is enhanced in the presence of

Answer 35

estrogen