Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology Exam 2 Endocrine (Shelby) > Adrenal - cortex stuff! > Flashcards

Adrenal - cortex stuff! Flashcards

1
Q

What does corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) do?

A

stimulates corticotrophs to release ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

decrease in which hormone causes the symptoms of decreased pubic and axillary hair and decreased libido in females?

A

decreased androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is the greatest secretory activity of cortisol?

A

MORNING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

21 b-hydroxylase deficiency effect on ACTH?

A

ACTH levels are HIGH (due to no cortisol)

high ACTH = trophic effect on adrenal gland (GROWTH OF GLAND)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the only thing that inhibits corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

17a-hydroxylase deficiency

(hyper/hypo)tension
(hyper/hypo)kalemia
metabolic (alkalosis/acidosis)

A

hypertension
hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis

(same as conn syndrome except there is LESS aldosterone… effects from increased 11-DOC and corticosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conn syndrome is caused by:

A

an aldosterone-secreting tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is skin pigmentation normal with secondary and tertiary adrenocortical insufficiency but hyperpigmented in primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addisons)

A

2/3: normal because ACTH is not over secreted from pituitary (hypothalamus and pituitary are the problems)

primary: hyperpigment because ACTH is over secreted from pituitary due to low cortisol from the adrenal gland which is the problem

(a-MSH is the reason for pigmentation which is a derivative of ACTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are renin levels low in Conn syndrome?

A

Due to the hypertension caused by aldosterone.

Only aldosterone is increased due to the tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why does the adrenal gland enlarge with 21 b-hydroxylase deficiency

A

trophic effect on adrenal gland from high levels of ACTH (due to lack of cortisol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What layers of the cortex contain desmolase

A

all layers

zona glomerulosa
zona fasiculata
zona reticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

decrease in which hormone causes the symptoms of hypoglycemia, weight loss, and muscle weakness in Addison’s disease?

A

decreased cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the LEAST important secretagogue for aldosterone synthesis?

A

ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

21 b-hydroxylase deficiency leads to:

(hyper/hypo)natremia
(hyper/hypo)glycemia

A

hyponatremia (no aldosterone!)

hypoglycemia (no cortisol!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes hyperpigmentation of skin on elbows, knees, nipples, and scars in Addison’s disease?

A

increased ACTH —> increased a-MSH fragment

increased ACTH caused by low cortisol because only cortisol is the inhibitor of CRH —> which keeps ACTH stimulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cortisol (and androgens) levels in the blood reflect a ______ and _______ release of ACTH

A

circadian and pulsatile release of ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are androgens responsible for in women?

A
  1. axillary hair
  2. pubic hair
  3. libido
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the results of a 21 b-hydroxylase deficiency in utero?

A 
masculinization of female
penis-like clitoris
scrotum-like labia
deep voice
increased muscle mass
amenorrhea
hirsutism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cortisol effects on bone:

A

decrease calcium absorption —> decrease plasma calcium —> mobilizes calcium from bone —> inhibits bone formation —> bone loss

(no calcium taken up from GI or kidneys, so the bones release calcium to make up for the decrease in plasma calcium which causes the bones to be deficient and cannot form new bone cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

decrease in which hormone causes the symptoms of hyperkalemia, hypotension, metabolic acidosis, and salt craving in Addison’s disease?

A

decreased aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland responds to SHORT term stress?

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are adrenal androgens referred to as 17-ketosteroids?

A

because they have a ketone at C17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cortisol effect on:

protein:
lipids:
glucose uptake:

A

protein CATABOLISM (synthesis is decreased)
lipoLYSIS (provides glycerol)
decreased glucose uptake by tissue (more in blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does aldosterone bind to to stimulate sodium and water reabsorption? and potassium and H+ secretion?

A

intracellular mineralcorticoid receptor (MR1)

which binds to a mineralcorticoid responsive element (MRE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is secretion of ACTH enhanced during periods of stress?
increased AMPLITUDE of CRH burst | NOT frequency
26
cortisol action on the cardiovascular system: | 2
1. with catecholamines regulates blood pressure | 2. up-regulates a-1 receptor responsiveness
27
What is the SECOND most important secretagogue for aldosterone synthesis?
increase is plasma K+ concentration NOT ACTH!
28
What is secondary adrenocortical insufficiency?
failure of corticoptrophs to adequately secrete ACTH | pituitary problem
29
The overall metabolic effect of cortisol is to increase _________ by enhancing _________
blood glucose gluconeogenesis
30
cortisol has what effect on insulin sensitivity? Why?
decreased sensitivity to glucose goal is to have increased BLOOD glucose, insulin would decrease blood glucose by putting it in the cell
31
Cushing's syndrome cortisol levels = ACTH levels =
Cushing's syndrome cortisol levels = HIGH ACTH levels = LOW
32
17a-hydroxylase deficiency aldosterone = cortisol = androgens =
``` aldosterone = decreased cortisol = none androgens = none ```
33
cortisol effect on connective tissue and muscle
inhibits fibroblast proliferation inhibits collagen formation skin thins impaired connective tissue support of capillaries increased proteolysis in muscle ---> weakness
34
What are 2 other terms for newborn females with androgenital syndrome from 21 b-hydroxylase deficiency
female pseudohermaphrodite | contra-sexual development
35
21 b-hydroxylase deficiency would cause an increase in __________ and a decrease in ___________
increased androgens decreased cortisol and aldosterone
36
What three things does ACTH do in the adrenal gland
1. growth of adrenal gland 2. transfers cholesterol into mitochondria 3. activates desmolase to convert cholesterol to pregnenolone
37
What is the most important secretagogue for aldosterone synthesis?
angiotensin 2 --- RAAS system NOT ACTH!
38
Free cholesterol is transferred to the mitochondria, and then to the innter mitochondrial membrane by:
steroidgenic acute regulatory protein (StaR)
39
Conn syndrome effect on: Sodium Water Potassium H+
Sodium - reabsorption = HYPERnatremia Water - retention = HYPERtension Potassium - secretion = HYPOkalemia H+ - secretion = metabolic ALKALosis
40
What stimulates aldosterone? (two things)
1. decrease in BP | 2. decrease in ECF volume
41
What is tertiary adrenocortical insufficiency?
insufficient CRH | hypothalamus problem
42
Why is androgen synthesis in the adrenal cortex not as important for males as females
major source of male androgens is from the testes
43
Which part of the adrenal gland responds to PROLONGED stress?
cortex
44
Which adrenocortical hormones are decreased in Addison's disease?
cortisol aldosterone androgens because there is autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland
45
Where is cholesterol derived from? (3 places) | What is the MAIN source?
1. LDL particles from diet (MAIN) 2. hydrolysis of cholesterol esters from vesicles 3. de novo synthesis from acetyl CoA
46
How can you detect 21 b-hydroxylase deficiency in a lab test?
presence of 17-ketosteroids in the urine
47
too much cortisol = muscle weakness, how? | not enough cortisol = muscle weakness, how?
too much = proteolysis in muscle not enough = due to hypoglycemia
48
Cushing's syndrome = | Cushing's disease =
Cushing's syndrome = adrenal hyperplasia Cushing's disease = overactive pituitary or ACTH secreting cells in lung both = too much cortisol and too much androgens
49
What 3 types of steroids are produced by the adrenal gland?
1. glucocorticoids 2. mineralcorticoids 3. androgens
50
How does cortisol inhibits ACTH release?
INDIRECTLY! NOT DIRECTLY! NEED TO KNOW!!!!! cortisol inhibits CRH ---> decreased CRH = decreased ACTH
51
Cushing's disease/syndrome symptoms:
``` hyperglycemia proteolysis thin skin --- "striae" muscle wasting central obesity moon face buffalo hump hypertension virilization ``` YOU KNOW THESE ALREADY
52
cortisol effect on immune system
synthesis of lipocortin ---> inhibits phospholipase 2 ---> inhibits release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes inhibits IL-2 ---> inhibits release of histamine and serotonin
53
How big is the adrenal gland? (length and weight)
length = 3-5 cm | weight 1.5-2.5 grams
54
What is the large gene that ACTH is derived from?
POMC proopiomelanocortin
55
Why are aldosterone levels NORMAL in secondary and tertiary adrenocortical insufficiency but NOT in primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addisons)
2/3 : normal because aldosterone is stimulated by RAAS and adrenal gland is not the problem primary: low because adrenal gland is the problem and not making the aldosterone
56
What stimulates corticotrophs to release ACTH
corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
57
Where are AT2 receptors and potassium channels found in the adrenal cortex?
zona glomerulosa
58
Why is aldosterone decreased in 17a-hydroxylase deficiency
all progesterone is converted into 11-deoxycorticosterone (because cortisol and androgens cannot be made) 11-deoxycorticosterone builds up, and so does corticosterone, both of which act as mineral corticoids which produce HYPERTENSION aldosterone inhibited during hypertension because RENIN is inhibited and RAAS system is the MOST IMPORTANT SECRETAGOGUE FOR ALDOSTERONE
59
aldosterone effect on: Sodium Water Potassium H+
Sodium - reabsorption = HYPERnatremia Water - retention = HYPERtension Potassium - secretion = HYPOkalemia H+ - secretion = metabolic ALKALosis
60
Cushing's disease cortisol levels = ACTH levels =
Cushing's disease cortisol levels = HIGH ACTH levels = HIGH
61
Which arteries supplies the adrenal gland?
suprarenal arteries (superior, middle, and inferior)

Physiology Exam 2 Endocrine (Shelby) (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions