Endocrine Pancreas

Question 1

Somatostain receptors are present in the pancreas which is a ______ effect

Answer 1

paracrine

Question 2

gamma cells

Answer 2

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 3

GLUT 1 transports glucose:

Answer 3

across BBB

Question 4

sympathetic stimulation = ________ insulin

Answer 4

decreased

Question 5

in the process of glucose stimulating the release of insulin, glucose-6-phosphate oxidation causes:

Answer 5

increased ATP which closes K+ channels, which depolarizes the cell membrane

Question 6

increased protein = _______ insulin

Answer 6

increased

Question 7

What does somatostatin do?

Answer 7

inhibits digestive function

Question 8

beta cells

Answer 8

insulin, amylin

Question 9

GLUT 3 transports glucose:

Answer 9

into neurons

Question 10

How can we measure insulin quantity in the urine

Answer 10

c peptide

Question 11

What are the 2 causes of diabetes type 1

Answer 11

1. autoimmune ( T lymphocytes destroy B cells)

2. idiopathic

Question 12

proglucagon is proteolytically processed to yield:

Answer 12

glucagon

incretin (GLP1)

Question 13

Why does polydipsia occur in chronic diabetes

Answer 13

compensate for effects of dehydration

Question 14

epsilon cells

Answer 14

ghrelin

Question 15

Glucagon has ____ effect on blood amino acids

Answer 15

minimal!

Question 16

in the process of glucose stimulating the release of insulin, how does glucose enter the cell

Answer 16

via GLUT 2 via facilitated diffusion

Question 17

increased incretins (GI hormones) = ______ insulin

Answer 17

increased

Question 18

glucose detection is in the ________ in the hypothalamus

Answer 18

arcuate nucleus

Question 19

What does amylin do?

Answer 19

acts on CNS to suppress appetite

Question 20

How does diabetes inhibit growth rates in children

Answer 20

due to a shift towards protein catabolism

muscle atrophy and weight loss and no growth

Question 21

Why do cells of the body shrink in chronic diabetes

Answer 21

due to an osmotic shift of water into ECF and the blood (from dehydration)

Question 22

alpha cells

Answer 22

glucagon

Question 23

Proinsulin cleaves to form:

Answer 23

c peptide

a-chain + B-chain connected by 2 disulfide bonds

Question 24

glucagon primarily targets the:

Answer 24

liver

to stimulate hepatic glucose output

Question 25

delta cells

Answer 25

somatostatin

Question 26

parasympathetic stimulation = _______ insulin

Answer 26

increased

Question 27

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

Answer 27

putatively reduces appetites and food intake

Question 28

Which GLUT transporter is the only one dependent on insulin

Answer 28

GLUT 4

Question 29

What is the consequence of low levels of insulin secretion?

Answer 29

GLUT-4 can't get to the cell surface, can't bring glucose into the cell

Question 30

GLUT 2 transports glucose:

Answer 30

in kidney and intestine

Question 31

What is the cause of diabetes type 2

Answer 31

life style choice

Question 32

What are the two ways hypoglycemia from insulin excess can occur

Answer 32

1. self-administered insulin overdose | 2. reactive hypoglycemia

Question 33

Your patient has lost consciousness from insulin excess. Before giving them a sugary snack, what do you need to do?

Answer 33

make sure it is insulin overdose and not reactive hypoglycemia check c-peptide levels

Question 34

in the process of glucose stimulating the release of insulin, what happens because of K+ channels closing and depolarizing the cell membrane?

Answer 34

voltage gated Ca2+ channels open Ca2+ enters B-cell

Question 35

Where is proinsulin cleaves to insulin and c-peptide

Answer 35

inside secretory granules

Question 36

What stimulates the release of somatostatin

Answer 36

high fat, carbs, and protein-rich meals

Question 37

in the process of glucose stimulating the release of insulin, how does glucose become "trapped" in the cell

Answer 37

by becoming glucose-6-phosphate

Question 38

Why does polyphagia occur in chronic diabetes

Answer 38

increased appetite due to cells starving because glucose can't get into the cell

Question 39

What happens to nerve cells in chronic diabetes

Answer 39

lose their ability to maintain correct membrane potentials and form action potentials

Question 40

growth hormone effect on blood glucose

Answer 40

stimulates glucose to stay in the blood for the brain to use while other tissues are using lipids and protein to grow

Question 41

Other than hypoglycemia, what else can stimulate the release of glucagon

Answer 41

1. epinephrine 2. CCK 3. vagal stimulation 4. fasting 5. exercise

Question 42

What is primarily responsible for regulating food intakes and body composition

Answer 42

hypothalamic brain centers

Question 43

in the process of glucose stimulating the release of insulin, what triggers exocytosis of insulin vesicles?

Answer 43

Ca2+

Question 44

In the absence of carbohydrates in the diet, what can stimulate glucagon release?

Answer 44

dietary protein (arginine)

Question 45

What does somatostatin inhibit outside of the pancreas

Answer 45

inhibits release of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary

Question 46

GLP1 is released from intestine in response to:

Answer 46

high glucose levels in the intestinal lumen | increases insulin release!

Question 47

What is the most common type of all endocrine disorders?

Answer 47

diabetes mellitus