Growth

Question 1

Exercise increases glucose entry into cells, absent of

Answer 1

insulin

Question 2

Interleukin 6 (IL6) has an anti-inflammatory effect in: 
Interleukin 6 (IL6) has an pro-inflammatory effect in:

Answer 2

anti: muscle
pro: adipose

Question 3

congenital pan-hypopituitarism is a decreased in which hormones?

Answer 3

anterior pituitary hormones

GH, TSH, ACTH

Question 4

What accelerates the closure of epiphyseal plates at the end of puberty in boys?

Answer 4

testosterone

achieved by the aromatization of testosterone to estrogen

Question 5

T3 stimulates the expression of FGFR1, IGF1, GF1R, Osteocalcin, Collagen 1, ALP, MMP9, and MMP13

These genes are for:

Answer 5

bone formation

osteoblasts

Question 6

Pubertal growth correlates well with ______ plasma levels

Answer 6

IFG-1

Question 7

What stimulates the release of growth hormone from pituitary somatotropes

Answer 7

GHRH

Question 8

Why do boys have more prepubertal growth than girls

Answer 8

because they start puberty ~2 years later

Question 9

Thyroid hormone in concert with ______ regulates mammary gland development

Answer 9

prolactin

Question 10

How long after growth hormone is released is IFG-1 released?

Answer 10

12-18 hours

Question 11

Which hormone is required for tooth development and eruption

Answer 11

thyroid hormone

growth maturation effects

Question 12

Growth hormone + insulin work together to

Answer 12

promote protein synthesis

insulin resembles IGF, excess may stimulate growth

Question 13

Thyroid hormone facilitates linear growth of the bone by increasing activity of ______ in the growth plate

Answer 13

cartilage chondrocytes

Question 14

ACTH deficiency/hypocortisolism would create a deficit in glucocorticoids which has what effect on growth hormone SIGNALING

Answer 14

low levels of growth hormone

Question 15

What is the key hormone for increasing metabolic need PRIOR to tissue accumulation (growth)

Answer 15

thyroid hormone

Question 16

The symptoms of cold intolerance, dry skin, mental dullness, and bradycardia in someone with congenital pan-hypopituitarism is an indication of atrophy of which gland

Answer 16

thyroid

Question 17

Growth hormone and IGF-1 promote long bone growth ONLY as long as:

Answer 17

the epiphyseal plates remains cartilaginous (open)

Question 18

growth hormone effects ABSENT of linear bone growth:

Answer 18

acromegaly

Question 19

ineffective thyroid hormone affects both ____ and ____ in cretinism

Answer 19

growth and maturation

Question 20

testosterone and growth hormone enhances _______ secretion in the liver

Answer 20

IGF-1

Question 21

What is congenital pan-hypopituitarism?

Answer 21

deficiency of two or more anterior pituitary hormones

Question 22

insulin facilitates muscle protein synthesis via ____ signaling pathway

Answer 22

mTORC

Question 23

Which phase of growing is uniquely human

Answer 23

extended period of adolescence

Question 24

T3 effect on bone MATURATION

Answer 24

stimulates adult bone remodeling

activates transcription factors that alter the expression of genes related to bone growth and turnover

Question 25

T3 stimulates the expression of IL6 and PGE2 | These genes are for:

Answer 25

bone resorption | osteoclasts

Question 26

growth hormone stimulates ________ to increase linear growth

Answer 26

somatomedins IGF-1 ****************

Question 27

What induces ossification of the epiphyseal plate at the end of adolescence?

Answer 27

sex steroids

Question 28

IGF-1 is _____ dependent

Answer 28

growth hormone

Question 29

Growth hormone + sex steroids work together to

Answer 29

protein synthesis enhance long bone growth masculinization of the brain may enhance GH secretion

Question 30

Which hormone is responsible for growth and maturation of the epidermis, hair follicles and nails

Answer 30

thyroid hormone | growth maturation effects

Question 31

What maintains lean body mass in adults

Answer 31

growth hormone

Question 32

3 positive effects of glucocorticoids on growth hormone signaling:

Answer 32

1. induce GH gene expression 2. induce GHRH receptor on somatotropes 3. Increased ghrelin receptors on GH-secreting cells

Question 33

increased LINEAR growth due to excessive stimulation of epiphyseal plates:

Answer 33

gigantism

Question 34

An adrenalectomy would create a deficit in glucocorticoids which has what effect on growth hormone SIGNALING

Answer 34

decreased expression of GHRH and ghrelin receptors in the pituitary

Question 35

How do glucocorticoids stimulate growth hormones? How do glucocorticoids inhibit growth hormones?

Answer 35

stimulate: stimulates anterior pituitary inhibits: increased somatostatin inhibits pituitary gland

Question 36

The symptoms of amenorrhea, diminished secondary sexual characteristics, and male impotence in someone with congenital pan-hypopituitarism is an indication of atrophy of which gland

Answer 36

gonads low FSH/LH

Question 37

What inhibits the release of growth hormone?

Answer 37

GH and IGF-1 negatively feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary to stem release of growth hormone release hormone, causing an increase in growth hormone INHIBITING hormone from the hypothalamus

Question 38

developmental gene that blocks muscle cell growth and differentiation and inhibits insulin

Answer 38

myostatin

Question 39

growth hormone + _______ = negative effects in the liver (decreased IGF-1, less growth)

Answer 39

estrogen

Question 40

Which has a longer half life IFG-1 or growth hormone?

Answer 40

IFG-1

Question 41

What can increase insulin sensitivity during exercise

Answer 41

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

Question 42

What plays a large role in growth hormone secretion?

Answer 42

environmental factors diet, sleep, stress, exercuse

Question 43

Growth hormone + thyroid hormone (T3/T4) work together to

Answer 43

permissive for growth in children need T3/T4- can't have growth hormone alone

Question 44

Interleukin 6 (IL6) in the muscle does what?

Answer 44

increases insulin-induced glucose uptake by increased GLUT 4

Question 45

building muscles = slow or rapid?

Answer 45

rapid

Question 46

nutritional effects that can stimulate muscle protein synthesis without any training

Answer 46

infused amino acids activate mTORC

Question 47

hormone signaling effects that can stimulate muscle protein synthesis without any training

Answer 47

insulin facilitates muscle protein synthesis via mTORC signaling pathway

Question 48

_______ promotes deposition of adipose tissue in breasts and buttocks

Answer 48

estrogen

Question 49

when does growth hormone signal rapid linear growth

Answer 49

puberty NOT EARLY CHILDHOOD

Question 50

In boys, ______ stimulates bone growth during puberty

Answer 50

testosterone

Question 51

congenital pan-hypopituitarism are more sensitive to:

Answer 51

stress! (like illness and trauma because less pituitary hormones -- adrenal cortex atrophies, gonads atrophy, thyroid gland atrophies

Question 52

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a fuel gauge for muscle cells and influences genes in:

Answer 52

lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways

Question 53

growth hormone + ______ = positive effects in the liver ( increased IGF-1, more growth)

Answer 53

testosterone

Question 54

4 negative effects of glucocorticoids on growth hormone signaling:

Answer 54

1. increased hypothalamic somatostatin 2. decrease GH receptor expression in peripheral tissues 3. hypercortisolism (Cushing's) = muted GH secretion 4. exogenous glucocorticoids suppress growth in children

Question 55

______ promotes early pubertal growth spurts in girls

Answer 55

DHEA

Question 56

Which hormones activate mTORC? | Which hormones inhibit mTORC?

Answer 56

``` activate = insulin inhibits = myostatin, stress, and cytokines ```