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cardiovascular > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the CVS (5) - what is the main theme?

A

transportation of : gas
nutrients, metabolites, hormones, heat

transportation

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2
Q

how many times dose the heart beat in 70 years - what does this show

A

2.5 billion times

the heart is amazingly reliable

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3
Q

what shows the heart is remarkably flexible (3)

A

pump can vary output
vessels can redirect blood
vessels can store blood

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4
Q

why do we need a Vascular system

A

because we are not single celled and diffusion only takes part over 1mm

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5
Q

the left and right ‘‘pumps’’ are said to be in what

A

series with one another

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6
Q

why in terms of the CVS is series so important

A

it means the output of both must be equal for function

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7
Q

what are the 2 main examples of vascular beds in series

A

gut to liver

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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8
Q

what are most vascular beds - what does this mean (2)

A

in parallel

all tissues get oxygenated blood

allows regional redirection of blood

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9
Q

what is special about the gut being in series with the liver (2)

A

the liver still has its own blood supply

the nutrients absorbed from the gut go directly to the liver for storage

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10
Q

what is a problem with the evolution of the coronary blood supply

A

every time it contracts it cuts of its own blood supply

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11
Q

why is the hypothalamus in series with the anterior pituitary

A

as the hypothalamus diffuses releasing factors into the blood supply for the anterior pituitary to pickup down stream and release hormones

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12
Q

what are the 3 biggest O2 consumers

A

the abdominal organs

skeletal muscle

heart

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13
Q

why doses the cardiac output of the biggest O2 consumers vary

A

because it shows weather the system is effective

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14
Q

why is the kidneys CO so much greater than its O2 consumption

A

due to the kidneys job of cleaning the blood

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15
Q

what is the equation for flow

A

change in pressure /resistance

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16
Q

why does the skin have a similar CO vs O2 consumption as the kidneys

A

as the skin is the thermoregulatory

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17
Q

how does resistance changed

A

diameter changes of the blood vessels mainly arterioles

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18
Q

what is the pressure difference

A

mean arterial pressure - central venous pressure

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19
Q

where is the mean arterial pressure measured

A

in the arteries

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20
Q

where is the central venous pressure measured

A

in the vena cava

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21
Q

what do arterioles act as

A

the taps - controlling resistance to the vascular bed

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22
Q

what vessels does blood pass through from first to last

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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23
Q

what is the aorta an example of

A

elastic arteries

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24
Q

what are the features of elastic arteries

A

wide lumen, elastic wall

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25
Q

what is the function of the elastic arteries

A

to dampen pressure fluctuations but absorbing and smoothing out

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26
Q

what are all other arteries other than the aorta

A

muscular arteries

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27
Q

what is the function of muscular arteries

A

to be low resistance conduits and get the blood to the arterioles

features, narrow lumen , thick contractile wall

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28
Q

what are arterioles examples of

A

resistant vessels

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29
Q

what is the function of resistant vessels

A

control resistance which in turn controls flow

allow regional redirection of blood

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30
Q

what are the features/ from of arterioles

A

narrow lumen, thin wall

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31
Q

what are capillaries examples of

A

exchange vessels

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32
Q

what features do exchange vessels have

A

narrow lumen and thin walls

33
Q

what are venules examples of

A

capacitance vessels

34
Q

what are veins examples of

A

capacitance vessels

35
Q

what are the features of capacitance vessels

A

wide lumen, distensible wall (allows the vessel to swell and expand )

36
Q

what is the job of the capacitance vessels

A

like a capacitor it is to allow fractional distribution of blood (allows for some storage) between veins and heart

37
Q

how much blood is in the venous system

A

2/3

38
Q

what is the pulmonary trunk

A

the initial ARTERY that comes out of the right ventricle

39
Q

what is the septum (s) in relation to CVS

A

the interventricular and interatrial septum’s job is to separate the right and left ventricles and atrium to stop mixing/ shunting of blood.

40
Q

what is the mitral valve

A

mitral = bicuspid

2 cusps

stops blood being regurgitated into the left atrium from the left ventricle during contraction

41
Q

what is the tricuspid valve

A

a valve with 3 cusps

stops blood regurgitation from the right ventricle to atrium

42
Q

what is fractional distribution

A

what the venous system dose to store a bit of blood by distending - keeping the series correct

43
Q

what is the T-tubule

A

deep holes in cell

44
Q

what is the sarcolemma

A

the membrane that surrounds the whole of the muscle cell

45
Q

where is the Z line

A

in the middle of the T-tubule

46
Q

what do the GAP junctions form

A

protein channels that let electrical current through them - the electrical connection between them - mass contraction

47
Q

what are the thin filaments in muscle

A

actin

48
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

a big calcium cell storage

49
Q

what are desmosomes

A

the stiches between the cell - leading to a p

50
Q

how long is a cardiac action potential - compared to skeletal

A

250ms of cardiac

vs 2ms of skeletal

51
Q

why is a cardia action potential so long - why is this

A

a cardiac action potential is long so Ca2+ and Na+ can enter the cell

the entry of more Ca2+ leads to a greater contraction

so contraction strength can be regulated by how much Ca2+ is let in (length of action potential) - unlike skeletal muscle

52
Q

can cardiac muscle exhibit tetanus

A

no

53
Q

what is tetanus (tetanic contraction)

A

when skeletal muscles add multiple contractions on top of one another - i.e. holding something for long)

54
Q

what is the name of how the gap junctions and desmosomes are arranged (alternatively)

A

intercalated disk

55
Q

what do the cells that act as pacemakers have

A

unstable resting membrane potentials that lie a lot closer to threshold and spontaneously reach threshold

56
Q

what dose the defibrillator do

A

top the hear to resent the pacemakers

57
Q

what are the 4 stages of a non-pacemaker action potential

A

resting membrane potential - high resting permibalitiy ofK+

initial depolarisation - more Na+
Na+ permeability shoots up

plateau - decrease in K+ and more Ca2+ (L type)

repolaisation - decrease Ca2+, increase in K+

58
Q

what happens in a pacemaker action potential

A

K+ gradually decreases

a weird Na+ increases

then a late increase in Ca2+ (T type) (initial booster to get into orbit) leads to the firing of the action potential

which leads onto Ca2+ (L type) (main thruster to cause the action potential)

59
Q

what are the drugs that modulate electrical activity in the heart

A

Ca2+ channel blockers - decrease force of contraction

cardiac glycosides - increase force of contraction

60
Q

what factors other than drugs have an effect on electrical activity (7)

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

temperature 10bpm per 1oC

hyperkalaemia (high K+)- fibrillation and heart block

hypokalaemia (low plasma K+) - fibrillation and hear block

hypercalcemia (high plasma Ca2+) -increased HR & force of contraction

hypocalcaemia (low plasma Ca2+) - decreased HR & force of contraction

61
Q

what is the annulus fibrosis - what happens during conduction

A

its a ring connective tissue (WITHOUT GAP JUNCTIONS) around the tri/bicuspid valves that stops the conduction of a action potential from the atrium to the ventricle

62
Q

how dose the wave of excitation get past the annulus fibrosus

A

by passing through the atrioventricular node(like a gateway) and trough the bundle of His (like a tunnel)

63
Q

how fact dose the action potential travel in the atrium

A

0.5 m/sec

64
Q

how fat does the action potential travel through the atrioventricular node - why?

A

0,05m/sec - to act as a delay box - time for atrium to get the last bit of blood into the ventricles

65
Q

what are myocardial cells (myocytes)

A

the cardiac muscle cells

66
Q

what are the purkinje fibres and what is there function

A

the fibres that make up the rapid conduction system at 5m/sec

its fast so the contraction is powerful enough for the blood can be pushed and circulated

67
Q

what happens as ventricular depolarisation begins

A

atrial repolarisation

68
Q

how do electrocardiograms work (ECG)

A

due to the wave of depolarisation/repolarisation leading to the formation of extracellular waves

69
Q

can a ecg record a single cell

A

no due to the fact that the extracellular wave is so small

70
Q

what is the order of the hear cycle

A

atrium depolarisation
ventricle depolarisation(atrium repolarisation)
atrium repolarisation

71
Q

what are the waves of a ECG

A

P, QRS, T

72
Q

what does the P was correspond to

A

atria depolarisation

73
Q

what does the QRS was correspond to

A

ventricular depolarisation

74
Q

what does the T was correspond to

A

ventricular repolarisation

75
Q

what is the excitiation contration coupleing system

A

musculoskeletal system is intricately intertwined with the nervous system, allowing muscle contraction and movement

76
Q

why is the cardiac depolarisation so long

A

both Na and Ca enter

Ca entry, excite controls contraction.

77
Q

how long is cardiac muscles refectory period

A

250ms

same length as the action potential

78
Q

where does skeletal and some of your cardiac muscle sit normally

A

-90mV

cardiovascular (26 decks)

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