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cardiovascular > physiology 4 - long/short term control of BP > Flashcards

physiology 4 - long/short term control of BP Flashcards

1
Q

what happens if MAP is too high

A

hypertension

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2
Q

what happens if MAP is too low

A

Syncope

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3
Q

what are two types of arterial baroreflex

A

aortic arch baroreceptors

carotid sinus baroreceptors

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4
Q

where to the baroreceptors go to

A

the brain

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5
Q

what signals do arterial baroreceptors send to the brain - why is this important

A 
there is a normal firing rate 
any slower (less) = lower BP
any faster (more) = elevated
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6
Q

what nerve passes information from the carotid sinus baroreceptors

A

the glossopharyngeal nerve

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7
Q

what are the inputs to the medullary cardiovascular centres

A

Cardiopulmonary baroreceptors

Central
chemoreceptors

Chemoreceptors in muscle

Joint receptors

Higher centres

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8
Q

what does Regulation of blood pressure

in the long term revolve around

A

Revolves around blood volume

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9
Q

what controls long term blood pressure - what effects

A

the main sensors are the cardio-pulmonary baroreceptors

effects tend to be hormonal

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10
Q

what does the long term regulation of blood pressure act on

A

the blood vessels and kidneys

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11
Q

what are the two types of posture effecting blood pressure

A

effect of standing

the reflex tone

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12
Q

what does the vasopressin do

A

increase water permeability of the collecting duct - increasing plasma volume

also increase TPR

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13
Q

what is the Valsalva maneuverer

A

forced expiration against a closed glottis

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14
Q

what happens during the Valsalva maneuverer

A

thoracic pressure increases - causing a decrease in venous return

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15
Q

what does the wave of the Valsalva maneuverer work

A

sharp up, slowly down, sharp down, then up

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16
Q

what does a decrease in Venous return lead to

A

decrease in EDV leading to decreased stroke volume, decreased Co and then in turn a decrease in MAP

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17
Q

what dose the decrease in MAP lead to

A

detected by baroreceptors - increase CO and TPR

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18
Q

what happens after the thoracic pressure is reduced

A

its transmitted through the aorta - and drops the BP

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19
Q

what happens after the BP drops after reduced thoracic pressure

A

venous return is restored - stroke volume is restored, there’s a bit of a hump as the reflex effects hadn’t worn off

20
Q

what does angiotensin 2 do

A

cause arterial constriction -

21
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increase Na+ reabsorption

therefore increase plasma volume - and increase BP

22
Q

what are the 3 hormonal long term controls

A

renin-angiogenesis-aldosterone system

antidiuretic factor (ADH, vasopressin)

atrial natriuretic peptide

23
Q

how do the kidneys regulates plasma volume

A

controlling the Na+ gradient

control over the permeability of the collecting ducts

determines how much water is retained

24
Q

what happens of the collecting duct is very permeable

A

it will result in conservation of water and in turn plasma volume

25
Q

what happens if the collecting duct was very impermeable

A

water will result in little reabsorption, lots of urine (= diuresis)

26
Q

how does the water move in and out

A

depending on the Na+ permeability creating hyper/hypo osmotic

27
Q

where is renin produced

A

the juxtaglomerular = granule cells of the kidney

28
Q

what triggers renin production

A

decreased distension of afferent arterioles

decreased delivery of Na+ through tubule

all signs of low MAP

29
Q

what does renin do

A

converts inactive angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

30
Q

what does angiotensin 1 become

what facilitates it

A

angiotensin 2

angiotensin converting enzyme

31
Q

what does angiotensin 2 do - what is it

A

stimulates released of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

increase release of ADH from pituitary

is a vasoconstrictor

negative feedback system in response to decreased MAP

32
Q

what is ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

33
Q

where is ADH made/released from

A

synthesised in the hypothalamus

released from the posterior pituitary

34
Q

what does ADH do

A

increase water permeability of the collecting duct to H2O

reduces diuresis and increases plasma volume

35
Q

what is ADH alternative name

A

vasopressin

causing vasoconstriction - increasing MAP

36
Q

what triggers ADH release

A

a decrease in blood volume

circulating angiotensin 2

37
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increases Na reabsorption in the loop of henle

reduces diuresis

38
Q

where is aldosterone produced

A

from the adrenal cortex

39
Q

where is ANP produced

A

Produced in, and released from myocardial cells in the atria

40
Q

what does ANP stand for

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

41
Q

what triggers atrial natriuretic peptide - what is this a sing of

A

increased distension of the atrium - a sing of increased MAP

42
Q

what does ANP do

A

increases excretion of Na+

inhibits the release of the renin

reduces MAP

43
Q

what is ANP

A

a negative feedback system

reduces MAP

44
Q

how many cases of hypertension are there

A

5-10%

45
Q

what are the treatments for hypertension

A

Ca2+ channel antagonists

beta adrenoceptor antagonists

thiazide diuretics

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

cardiovascular (26 decks)

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