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cardiovascular > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main stages of cardiovascular embryology (4)

A

development of primitive heart tube

looping of the heart tube

atrial/ventricle separation

outflow tract development

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2
Q

what forms the circulatory system

A

the lateral plate splanich mesoderm

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3
Q

when dose the primordial heart start to function

A

at 4 weeks

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4
Q

where do blood vessels first aperar

A

yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chiron

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5
Q

what forms heart tubes

A

angioblastic cords

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6
Q

what are angioblastic cords

A

paired endothelial strands

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7
Q

what do heart tubes form into

A

the primordial cardivascualr system

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8
Q

what dose the somatic mesoderm form

A

the parieral layer of the serious pericardium

the fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

what forms the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

the splenic mesoderm

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10
Q

what happens between day 18 and 22 of gestation

A

fusion of the heart tubes

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11
Q

what are the 5 parts of the fused primitive heart tube - from top to bottom

A

truncus arteriosus - the wings of the chicken
bulbs cordis
ventricle
atrium
sinus venosus (right and left horns) - the chicken legs of the heart

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12
Q

what is the form and function of the truncus arteriosus

A

the most superior part of the fused heart tubes

once the primitive heart tube folds this then divides to form the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

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13
Q

what forms at of the top of the truncus arteriosus

A

the aortic sac with its left and right horns

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14
Q

what forms out of the aoric sack

A

6 arches out of each horn

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15
Q

what do the right 6 arches out of the igh horn of the artic sac terminate

A

the right dorsal aorta

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16
Q

what do the left 6 arches out of the left horn of the artic sac terminate

A

the left dorsal aorta

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17
Q

what form the bulboventricle loop - how

A

the blulbus cordis and ventricle

they grow faster than the rest of the fused primitive heart tube

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18
Q

what dose the bulbbus cordis form

A

the bulboventricle loop

it becomes mainly part of the right ventricle

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19
Q

what dose the sinus venosus become

A

the ends of all the major veins heading to the heart

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20
Q

what is the structure of the sinus venosus what comes to it

A

it has two horns (left and right)

and each horn has 3 veins - vitelline, umbilical , common cardinal

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21
Q

what vein supplies the body of the embryo

A

the common cardinal

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22
Q

what vein supplies the youlk sack

A

viteline

—-where all the vitamins go

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23
Q

what vein supplies the placenta

A

umbilical

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24
Q

what wa does the hear normally loop

A

to the right

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25
Q

when dose partitioning of the primordiaal heart (atria/ventrical seperation) being

A

around the 27th - 37th days

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26
Q

what 2 things form during th partioting of the primitve heart

A

endocardial cushin formation

septum formation

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27
Q

what dose the septum formation lead to

A

the separation of the right side of the heart from the left side of the heart

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28
Q

what does the endocardial cushion formation lead to

A

the rough separation of the atrium and ventricles

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29
Q

what happens in the first step in the separation of the primitive atrium

A

septum primum is formed - with the space below being called the foramen primum

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30
Q

what happens after the first part of the septum foramen is formed

A

the 2nd part of the septum primum forms with the gap above and below

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31
Q

what forms above the septum primum

A

the foramen secundum

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32
Q

what does the lower septum primum fuse with

A

the dorsal endocardial cushion

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33
Q

what forms next

A

the septum secundum beside both septum primum

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34
Q

what dose the septum primum become

A

the door

with the septum secundum becoming the walls

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35
Q

what is the final foramen left before birth

A

the foramen ovale

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36
Q

where is the open foramen ovale located

A

between the anterior side of the septum primum and septum secundum

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37
Q

what is the fossa ovalis a remittent of

A

the foetal ovale foramen

38
Q

what happens if the oval foramen dosent close

A

it leads to ASD atrial septal defect

39
Q

what are the 2 most common forms of clinically significant atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

foramen secundum defect

endocardial cushion defect with septum primum defect

40
Q

how does the primitive partitioning of the ventricles occur

A

muscular ventricular forms (opening above is called the intraventricular foramen)

the aorticopulmonary septum forms - the bottom fuses with the muscular ventricle septum

41
Q

what is the function of the membranous ventricular septum

A

to fuses the muscular ventricular septum ant the aortopulmonary septum

and close the interventricular foramen

42
Q

what is the function of the aorticopulmonary septum

A

to divide the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus (top of bulbus cordis) into the aorta and pulmonary trunk

43
Q

what contributes to the membranous interventricular septum

A

the endocardial cushion

44
Q

how dose the aorticopulmonary septum divide the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus

A

why twisting up the centre

45
Q

what type of defect occurs when the partitioning of the primitive ventricles goes wrong

A

VSD - ventricular septal defect

46
Q

what happens to small VSDs (ventricular septal defects)

A

they close on their own

47
Q

what is the most common type of VSD

A

membranous types - effecting the intraventricular septum

48
Q

when does the SA node develop

A

week 5

49
Q

where is the location of the adult SA node

A

high in the right atrium

near entrance to SVC

50
Q

how does cot death occur (sudden infant death syndrome - SIDS)

A

cased by abnormal conducting tissues

51
Q

what is the aetiology of congenital heart disease

A

it is multifactorial

52
Q

what factors contribute to congenital heart disease - 5

A

rubella infection In pregnancy (PDA)

maternal alcohol abuse - septal defects

maternal drug treatment and radiation

genetics

chromosomes

53
Q

what is the name of the disease that has 4 cardiac defects

A

tetralogy of fallot

54
Q

what are the 4 cardiac defects for the teratology of fallot

A

pulmonary stenosis

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

dextroposition of aorta

right ventricular hypertrophy

55
Q

what two causes lead to the transposition of the great vessels

A

failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral

defective migration of neural crest cells

56
Q

what are neural crest cells

A

cells that are pinched of from the ectoderm during the formation of the neural tube, these then form complex structures often related to the nervous system

57
Q

what causes the teratology of fallot

A

Unequal division of the conus arteriosus (cone shaped structure that the pulmonary trunk forms out of) due to anterior displacement of aorticopulmonary septum

58
Q

what is vasculogenesis

A

the NEW formation of a primitive vascular network

59
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

defined as the growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

60
Q

when do the pharyngeal arches develop

A

during week 4 and 5

61
Q

what do the pharyngeal arches become

A

the neck

62
Q

what forms around the pharyngeal arches

A

the 6 aortic arches on either side

63
Q

what is the fate of arches 1 and 2

A

disappear early

1st arch remnants forms maxillary artery (side of the face)

64
Q

what is the fate of the 3rd arch

A

it becomes the start of the internal carotid artery

65
Q

what is the fate of the 4th RIGHT arch

A

it forms the right subclavian

66
Q

what is the fate of the 4th LEFT arch

A

the distal part of the aortic arch

67
Q

what is the fate of the 5th arch

A

forms incompletely then regresses

forms nothing

68
Q

what is the fate of the 6th RIGHT arch

A

it become the proximal (closer to centre) part of the right pulmonary artery

69
Q

what is the fate of the 6th LEFT arch

A

it becomes the left pulmonary artery

and the ductus arteriosus

70
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus

A

a normal blood vessel that connects two major arteries — the aorta and the pulmonary artery

71
Q

what does the ductus arteriosum become - when

A

it closes and becomes the ligamentum arteriousum after 1- 3 months

72
Q

what is the most common form of great artery defects

A

defects because there regression of arteries where there shouldn’t

or some arteries that should regress but don’t

73
Q

what occurs to from the aberrant subclavian artery defect

A

the right subclavian forms on the left side of the aortic arch

it has to cross the midline behind the trachea and oesophagus - leading to constriction of these organs - no clinical symptoms

74
Q

what occurs in the formation of the double aortic arch

A

an abnormal right aortic arch is also formed, leads to the formation of a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus - difficulty breathing and swallowing

75
Q

what is PDA ( patent ductus arteriosus)

A

when the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth and regress to form ligament atreriosum - uncorrected leads to hear failure when older

76
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

the aorta is narrow - often proximal or distal to the ductus arteriosum ( liganetum arteriousum)

77
Q

what do the vitelline arteries supply

A

the yolk sack

78
Q

what do the vitelline arteries become in adult hood

A

the arteries in the foregut, midgut and hindgut

79
Q

what is the fate of umbilical arteries before birth

A

paired branches of the dorsal aorta to the placenta

80
Q

after birth what is the fate of the umbilical arteries

A

the proximal portion becomes the vessels to the bladder and become the internal iliac (terminal branch in the pelvis)

81
Q

what is the function of the vitelline veins

A

carrying blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosum

82
Q

what is the function of the umbilical veins - from where

A

originate from the chorionic villi of placenta

carrying OXYGENATED BLOOD to the embryo

83
Q

what is the function of the cardinal veins of the embryo

A

draining the body of the embryo

84
Q

what do the cardinal veins form

A

the vena cava - IVC and SVC by anastomosis (connection between tubes)

85
Q

what are some venous abnormalities (4)

A

double IVC

absence of IVC

left SVC

double SVC

86
Q

when and where does the lymphatic system begin to form

A

develops at the end of the 6th week

6 lymph sacs develop around the main veins - and lymphatic vessels join them up later

87
Q

what are the 3 important pieces of transitional circulation

A

ductus venosus
oval foramen
ductus arteriosus

88
Q

what is the function of the ductus venosus

A

to shunt left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the IVC - allows O2 blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

89
Q

what is the function of the ductus arteriosus

A

allows blood that escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the lungs

90
Q

what is the function of the oval foramen

A

allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium - bypass the lungs

91
Q

what does the ductus venosus become after birth

A

the ligamentum venosum of the liver

92
Q

how does the oval foramen close

A

by tissue proliferation and adhesion of the septal structures

cardiovascular (26 decks)

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