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MCAT > Anatomy of the CNS and PNS > Flashcards

Anatomy of the CNS and PNS Flashcards

1
Q

The three subdivisions of the brain are ___,___and___

A 
Hindbrain = rhombencephalon
Midbrain = mesencephalon
Forebrain = prosencephalon
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2
Q

walking, urination, and sex organ function as well as other primitive processes are done so by__

A

Spinal cord

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3
Q

The hindbrain includes these 3 parts

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

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4
Q

__ is located below the pons and connects to the spinal cord

A

Medulla

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5
Q

__ functions in relaying information between other areas of the brain and regulating vital autonomic functions such as blood pressure, digestive functions, vomiting, and respiratory rhythmicity centers are found here

A

Medulla oblongata

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6
Q

___ is the connection point between the brain stem and the cerebellum

A

Pons

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7
Q

__ controls some autonomic functions and coordinates movement, it also plays a role in balance and antigravity posture

A

Pons

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8
Q

__ is located behind the pons and below the cerebral hemisphere

A

Cerebellum

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9
Q

__ is the integrating center where complex movements are coordinated

A

Cerebellum

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10
Q

An instruction for movement from the forebrain must be sent to the __ where billions of decisions necessary for smooth execution of the movement are made

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

Damage to___ results in poor hand-eye coordination and balance

A

Cerebellum

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12
Q

Both the cerebellum and the pons receive information from the ___ in the inner ear, which monitors acceleration and position relative to gravity

A

Vestibular apparatus

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13
Q

The ___ is a relay for visual and auditory information and contains much of the reticular activating system (RAS) which is responsible for arousal and wakefulness

A

Midbrain

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14
Q

The ___ is responsible for arousal and wakefulness found in the midbrain

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

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15
Q

The medulla, pons, and midbrain constitute the

A

Brainstem

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16
Q

The forebrain includes the __ and the __

A

diencephalon and telencephalon

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17
Q

The __ includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

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18
Q

___ is located near the middle of the brain below the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain

A

Thalamus

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19
Q

__ contains the relay and processing centers for sensory information

A

Thalamus

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20
Q

__ contains centers for controlling emotions and autonomic functions, and has major role in hormone production and release

A

Hypothalamus

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21
Q

__ is the primary link between the nervous and the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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22
Q

___ controls the pituitary gland and by doing so, is the fundamental control center for the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a thick bundle of axons called the __

A

corpus callosum

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24
Q

__ is the largest region of the human brain and consists of the large, paired cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebrum

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25
Q

The grey matter of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex) is composed of ___

A

trillions of somas or neuron cell bodies

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26
Q

The white inner core of the cerebrum is composed of __

A

myelinated axons

27
Q

The ___ initiates all voluntary movement and is involved in complex reasoning skills and problem solving

A

Frontal lobe

28
Q

The ___ is involved in general sensations (such as touch, temperature, pressure, vibration, and in gustation)

A

Parietal lobe

29
Q

The ___ processes auditory and olfactory sensations

A

Temporal lobe

30
Q

The ___ is involved in short term memory, language comprehension, and emotion

A

Temporal lobe

31
Q

The __ processes visual sensation

A

Occipital lobe

32
Q

The ___ broadly function in voluntary motor control and procedural learning related to habits

A

Basal nuclei

33
Q

The ___ and __ work together to process and coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex

A

Basal nuclei, and cerebellum

34
Q

The ___ prevents excess movement

The ___ is excitatory

A

Basal nuclei are inhibitory (prevents excess movement)

Cerebellum is excitatory

35
Q

___includes several structures (amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus)

A

Limbic system

36
Q

The __ is important in emotion, memory, and learning, controls emotional states, and helps with memory storage and retrieval

A

Limbic system

37
Q

Eye movement ___

A

midbrain

38
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

39
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

40
Q

___ convey sensory and motor information to and from the brainstem

A

Cranial nerves

41
Q

___ convey sensory and motor information to and from the spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

42
Q

The effects of this nerve upon the heart and GI tract are to:

  • DECREASE heart rate,
  • INCREASE GI activity
A

Vagus nerve

43
Q

Vagus nerve is part of the __

A

parasympathetic division of the ANS

44
Q

All somatic motor neurons innervate ____

A

skeletal muscle cells

45
Q

All somatic motor neurons use __ as their neurotransmitter

A

Ach (acetylcholine)

46
Q

All somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies in the ___ or ___

A

brainstem or ventral (front) portion of the spinal cord

47
Q

All somatic sensory neurons have a long dendrite extending from a sensory receptor toward the soma, which is located just outside the CNS in a ___

A

Dorsal root ganglion

48
Q

The __ is a bunch of somatic (and autonomic) sensory neuron cell bodies located just dorsal to the spinal cord

A

Dorsal root ganglion

49
Q

___ are protective sheath of the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

50
Q

In all somatic sensory neurons, the first synapse is in the ___

A

CNS

51
Q

All autonomic preganglionic neurons release ___ as their neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

52
Q

All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release___

A

Acetylcholine

53
Q

Nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons release ___ as their neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine (NE, also known as Noradrenaline)

54
Q

All sympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in the ___ or the ___

A

thoracic (chest) or lumbar (lower back) regions of the spinal cord

55
Q

The parasympathetic system is known as the craniosacral system because all of its preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in the ___

A

brainstem or in the lowest portion of the spinal cord, the sacral portion

56
Q

In the sympathetic system, the preganglionic axon is __

A

relatively short

57
Q

The sympathetic post-ganglionic cell sends a __

A

LONG axon to the effector

58
Q

The parasympathetic preganglionic neuron sends a long axon to a

A

small ganglion which is close to the effector

Example: parasympathetic ganglia controlling the intestines are located on the outer wall of the gut

59
Q

The parasympathetic postganglionic neuron has a ___

A

very short axon, since the cell body is close to the target

60
Q

The adrenal cortex is an important endocrine gland secreting ___,___ and ___

A

glucocorticoids (the main one is cortisol)
mineralcorticoids (the main one is aldosterone)
some sex hormones

61
Q

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex is ___

A

cortisol

62
Q

The main mineralcorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex is ___

A

aldosterone

63
Q

The adrenal medulla is part of the __

A

sympathetic nervous system

64
Q

Upon activation of the sympathetic system, the adrenal medulla is stimulated to release __

A

epinephrine

MCAT (45 decks)

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