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MCAT > MCAT Biology Digestive System Part 2 > Flashcards

MCAT Biology Digestive System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The anus is derived from the __ during embryogenesis

A

blastopore

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2
Q

In the small intestine the apical surface of epithelial cells have __ to increase their surface area

A

Microvilli

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3
Q

The __ system stimulates motility and causes the sphincters to relax (allowing the passage of food through the gut)

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

The submucosa plexus is found in the submucosa and helps to :

A
  • regulate enzyme secretion
  • gut blood flow
  • ion/water balance in the lumen
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5
Q

Exocrine glands are composed of special epithelial cells, organized into sacs called__

A

acini (Singular acinus)

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6
Q

The three GI organs primarily involved in exocrine secretion include __,__, and __

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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7
Q

Gastric glands secrete ___

A

acid, and pepsinogen

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8
Q

The __ teeth (front teeth) are for cutting

A

incisors

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9
Q

The __ teeth (canine teeth) are for tearing

A

Cuspids

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10
Q

The __ teeth are for grinding

A

Molars

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11
Q

___ hydrolyzes starch in the mouth breaking it into fragments

A

Salivary amylase (ptyalin)

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12
Q

Salivary amylase breaks sugars down to dissacharides NOT monosaccharides that only occurs at the__

A

intestinal brush border

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13
Q

Saliva also contains a small amount of __ for fat digestion

A

Lingual lipase

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14
Q

Saliva also contains lysozyme which attacks ___

A

bacterial cell walls ( like in your tears too)

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15
Q

The pharynx contains the openings to two tubes __ and__

A

trachea and esophagus

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16
Q

The ___ is a cartilage-lined tube at the front of the neck that conveys air to and from the lungs

A

Trachea

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17
Q

The ___ is a muscular tube behind the trachea which conveys food and drink from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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18
Q

During swallowing, solids and liquids are excluded from the trachea by a flat cartilaginous flap called the __

A

epiglottis

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19
Q

__ is secreted by chief cells in the stomach wall

A

Pepsin

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20
Q

____prevents passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum

A

Pyloric sphincter

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21
Q

Stretching or excess acidity in the duodenum inhibits ___

A

further stomach emptying, by causing the pyloric sphincter to contract

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22
Q

__ is secreted by cells in the stomach wall known as G cells, it stimulates acid and pepsin secretion along with gastric motility

A

Gastrin

23
Q

The molecule ___ binds to parietal cells to stimulate acid release

A

Histamine

24
Q

Ulcer drugs (Tagamet) and (Zantac) function by blocking the binding of ___ to its receptor on parietal cells, resulting in less gastric acidity

A

Histamine

25
Q

Digestion is completed in the __ and ___

A

duodenum and jejunum

26
Q

The key feature that allows the small intestine to accomplish absorption is___

A

large surface area

27
Q

The surface area of the small intestine results from __ . ___ , and ___

A
  1. length
  2. Villi
    3 . Microvilli
28
Q

What are three important structures of the villus of the small intestine that have big purposes

A
  1. Capillaries, absorb dietary monosaccharides and AA’s
  2. Lacteals, absorb dietary fats
  3. Peyer’s patches are part of the immune system
29
Q

The villus of the small intestine contain ___ which absorb dietary monosaccharides and amino acids. They merge to form veins and merge with the large hepatic portal vein

A

Capillaries

30
Q

The villus contain small lymphatic vellels called ___ which absorb dietary fats

A

Lacteals

31
Q

The lacteals of the small intestin merge to form large lymphatic vessels which transport dietary fats to the ___ which empties into the bloodstream

A

Thoracic duct

32
Q

What two ducts empty into the duodenum

A
  1. Pancreatic duct delivers exocrine secretions from pancreas
  2. Common bile duct, which delivers bile
33
Q

Bile is a green fluid, bile acids are made from ___

A

cholesterol in the liver and are normally absorbed and recycled

34
Q

The bile has two functions :

A
  1. vehicle for the excretion of waste products by the liver

2. Essential for the digestion of fats

35
Q

The bile duct and the pancreatic duct empty into the duodenum via the same orifice, known as the __

A

Sphincter of Oddi

36
Q

Several different __ are responsible for hydrolyzing polypeptides to di- and tripeptides

A

Pancreatic proteases

37
Q

Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by __ an intestinal enzyme

A

Enterokinase

38
Q

___ secreted by the duodenum causes the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate (high pH)

A

Secretin

39
Q

Gamma cells of the islet of Langerhans secrete ___ inhibiting many digestive processes

A

Somatostatin

40
Q

What three hormones have the ability to raise blood glucose levels?

A
  1. Glucagon (polypeptide hormone from the pancreas)
  2. Cortisol (steroid from the adrenal cortex)
  3. Epinephrine (amino acid derivative from the adrenal medulla)
41
Q

___stimulates peristalsis in the intestine and inhibits stomach emptying

A

Cholecystokinin

42
Q

The exocrine activity of the liver is simple__

A

it secrtes bile

43
Q

What are the three ingredients of bile?

A
  1. bile salts (anionic form)
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Bilirubin (from RBC breakdown)
44
Q

__ emulsifies large fat particles in the duodenum creating smaller clusters of fat particles called micelles

A

Bile

45
Q

A ___ is a large crystal formed from bile made with ingredients in incorrect proportions

A

Gallstone

46
Q

CCK and PNS stimulate contraction of the ___

A

gallbladder wall

47
Q

The __ in hepatocytes contains enzyme pathways that break down drugs and toxins into less toxic forms

A

Smooth ER

48
Q

When the stomach is empty, gastric cells produce the hormone __ to stimulate appetite

A

Ghrelin (Stimulates appetite)

49
Q

When the colon is full the jejunum (lower intestine) produces ___ to reduce appetite

A

Peptide YY reduces appetite

50
Q

The hormone __ produced by white adipose tissue (fat) is an appetite suppressant that acts as an adipostat, maintaining stable lipid contents in adipose tissue

A

Leptin

51
Q

__ is secreted in response to increased triglyceride levels and works to suppress appetite until appropriate levels are restores

A

Leptin

52
Q

The effects of leptin, ghrelin, and peptide YY on appetite are primarily mediated by the _____

A

arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

53
Q

As you swallow the upper esophagel sphincter__

A

relaxes

54
Q

Monosaccharides must be taken up into the intestinal epithelial cell by ___

A

active transport

MCAT (45 decks)

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