UWORLD Psych

Question 1

Uncontrolled variables that have an effect on the independent and or dependent variable

Answer 1

Confounding variable

Question 2

An attributional error that occurs when an individual with a positive quality (physical attractiveness) is assumed to have other positive qualities

Answer 2

Halo effect

Question 3

Decreased respond to a stimulus over time.

ex: no longer noticing a sweater feels scratchy after wearing it for a few minutes

Answer 3

Habituation

Question 4

A renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus (ex: taking a sweater off and then putting it back on, it feels scratchy again)

Answer 4

Dishabituation

Question 5

Increased response to a stimulus over time

Answer 5

Sensitization

Question 6

Decreased response to a previously sensitized stimulus over time

Answer 6

Desensitization

Question 7

Light levels impact neurons in the ___ of the hypothalamus which regulates melatonin release that establishes the body’s 24-hour clock

Answer 7

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 8

__ is mostly concerned with CAUSALITY, or the extent to which changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to changes in the independent variable

Answer 8

Internal validity

Question 9

__is mostly concerned with generalizability or the extent to which results can be applied to other situations

Answer 9

External validity

Question 10

Typically increases in internal validity result in ___

Answer 10

decrease in external validity

Question 11

__is based on the idea that language is an entirely learned behavior. Suggests that humans are born as blank slates and develop language skills through operant conditioning, imitation, and practice

Answer 11

Learning theory of language development (BEHAVIORIST THEORY)

Question 12

Suggest that language develops through both biological and social processes

Answer 12

Interactionist theory

Question 13

Empasizes the importance of language exposure during a critical period in early life (before 12 years old) after which language development is more difficult. Asserts that humans are biologically programmed to acquire language if exposed to it during this critical period

Answer 13

Nativist theory of language

Question 14

Is the belief that cognition controls language, posits that certain cognitive processes are univeral, so all human languages also possess certain universals

Answer 14

Universalism

Question 15

Refers to thought-related mental processes (thinking, planning, reasoning) and is believed to be linked to language

Answer 15

Cognition

Question 16

Contends that language development influences cognition but does not entirely determine or control it

Answer 16

Linguistic relativity theory

Question 17

Asserted that cognition and language develop independently but are both influenced by social interaction. Cognition is the product of socialization and language arises out of a necessity for social communication

Answer 17

Vygotsky

Question 18

A microsociological perspective that is concerned with the small-scale, person-to-person interactions that shape society

Answer 18

Symbolic interactionism

Question 19

A microsociologicalp erspective that asserts that individuals interact with each other to maximize personal gain and minimize personal cost

Answer 19

Social exchange theory

Question 20

Focuses on routine social interactions between individuals (part of symbolic interactionism), suggests that self concept (beliefs about oneself) is derived from social interactions with others, the way an individual is perceived and treated by others impacts how they then perceive themsevles

Answer 20

Looking-glass self

Question 21

Posits that language influences our perception and cognition. If a person’s native language does not have separate names for the colors blue and indigo, that person could have difficulty discriminating blue from indigo in isolation, but could learn to differentiate them in practice

Answer 21

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis also known as linguistic relativity

Question 22

States that language controls perception and cognition for example, if a person’s native language does not have separate names for blue and indigo, this theory posits that this person would be unable to perceive the colors as distinct

Answer 22

Linguistic determinism

Question 23

Is responsible for the perception of finer detail, such as form and color in parallel processing

Answer 23

Parvo pathway

Question 24

Is responsible for the perception of coarser details, such as depth and motion in parallel processing

Answer 24

Magno pathway

Question 25

Individuals learn specific deviant behaviors and values/norms through interactions with others with those same behaviors and values/noroms

Answer 25

Differential association

Question 26

Predicts that individuals experience tension when there is a disconnect between goals and available means for achieving them

Answer 26

Strain theory

Question 27

A subfield that considers the various social factors that can impact the health of an individual or a population

Answer 27

Social epidemiology

Question 28

A macro-level sociological perspective that compares society to a biological organism. Proposes that like the various organ systems attempting to maintain homeostasis in an organism, all aspects of society work together to maintain dynamic equilibrium

Answer 28

Structural functionalism

Question 29

Micro or macro perspective of sociology that argues that members of a given society define what constitutes reality

Answer 29

Social constructionism

Question 30

Individuals compare their beliefs and behaviors to those of __ members and model beliefs and behaviors of the __

Answer 30

reference group

Question 31

Universal emotions include

Answer 31

Happiness, Sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise

Question 32

3 components of emotion are __,__ and _

Answer 32

Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological

Question 33

This component of emotion includes all the mental processes that accompany the emotion, such as corresponding thoughts, motivations, beliefs, expectations, and an evaluation of the context/situation

Answer 33

Cognitive component

Question 34

This component of emotion describes the immediate outward reaction that occurs in response to an emotion (ex: smiling, gasping)

Answer 34

Behavioral component

Question 35

This component of emotion refers to the bodily processes that accompany an emotion (Changes in heart rate, respiration rate, sweating)

Answer 35

Physiological component

Question 36

Measures the patterns and fluctuations of electrical impulses in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. Technique measures brain waves and is most often used to diagnose epilepsy, sleep disorders, and coma

Answer 36

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 37

Uses radioactive tracer attached to a glucose analog to measure blood flow & glucose uptake induced by brain activity

Answer 37

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 38

Is a neuroimaging tool that measures the difference in blood oxygenation between a resting condition and an active condition. Provides an indirect measure of brain activity associated with the experimental conditions

Answer 38

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)