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MCAT > Next Step Psych > Flashcards

Next Step Psych Flashcards

1
Q

___investigate a population at a single point in time

A

Cross-sectional studies

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2
Q

__are treatments known to have no effect in a study

A

Negative controls

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3
Q

_are treatments known to have a certain effect and can be used to assess whether experimental methodology was sound

A

Positive controls

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4
Q

___attenuate or strengthen a given relationship

A

Moderating variables

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5
Q

__provide an important logical link between an independent and dependent variable or outcome

A

Mediating variable

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6
Q

Drive reduction theorist suggest that depression stems from a reduction in the motivating force of ____

A

arousal

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7
Q

__refers to the number of cases of a disease

A

Incidence

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8
Q

__compare information about individuals with a disease or condition against people without the disease or condition

A

Case control designs

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9
Q

__is the lifelong process through which people inherit, develop, and disseminate social norms, customs, and beliefs

A

Socialization

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10
Q

__refers to learning of acceptable actions or attitudes during childhood

A

Primary socialization

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11
Q

__refers to the process of learning what is acceptable and appropriate in a smaller more focused section of society. How to behave at work or school would be an example

A

Secondary socialization

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12
Q

__refers to the process of preparing for future changes, such as changing sleep schedule to get ready for night-shifts

A

Anticipatory socialization

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13
Q

__is a negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body

A

Distress

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14
Q

__is a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging but motivating

A

Eustress

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15
Q

__is a neutral type of stress when exposed to something stressful but it doesn’t actively affect you

A

Neustress

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16
Q

___is the tendency to make decisions about actions or events based upon our standard representation of the event

A

Representative heuristic

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17
Q

__reinforcement schedule tends to produce highest response rates that are most resistant to extinction

A

Variable-ratio

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18
Q

__describes the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information

A

Stroop effect

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19
Q

__refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome

A

Criterion validity

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20
Q

___refers to how individual attitudes are shaped by social factors

A

Socialization

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21
Q

__is the increasing amount of interaction and integration on the international scale through the exchange of products, services, ideas, and information

A

Globalization

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22
Q

___is an attempt to get someone to like you in order to get them to comply with your requests

A

Ingratiation

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23
Q

__is an influence to accept the information from others as evidence about reality, and come into play when we are uncertain about information or what might be correct

A

Informational influence

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24
Q

___is an influence to conform with the expectations of others to gain social approval

A

Normative influence

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25
Q

__holds that the amount of motivation required to achieve a goal is affected both by a person’s expectations of reaching the goal and how much that person values reaching that goal

A

Expectancy value theory

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26
Q

__ is characterized by a tendency to experience or express negative emotions

A

Neuroticism

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27
Q

The __ is the pleasure principle, it is selfish, compelling us to seek pleasure and avoid pain

A

Id

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28
Q

The __ is the reality principle, it is realistic compelling us to behave in ways that are socially acceptable and acts to mediate between the pleasure principle and the morality/perfection principle

A

Ego

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29
Q

The __ is the morality/perfection principle, it is moralistic and idealistic and compelling us towards perfection

A

Superego

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30
Q

__ posits that personality change is possible when a person has a strong ego that can succesfully mediate between one’s impulsive pleasure seeking Id and the goals of the idealistic superego

A

Psychoanalytic theory

31
Q

The __ proposes that language acquisiton is the result of both biological and environmental/social factors, particularly the interactions that occur between children and their caregivers

A

Interactionist theory

32
Q

__ proposes that language is not learned as other skills/behaviors but is learned via an innate process hardwired in the brain and only language exposure during a critical time period in life results in fluency

A

Nativist theory

33
Q

__ describes an increase in synaptic transmission of neurons which is the neural foundation of learning and memory consolidations

A

Long-term potentiation

34
Q

Remember that in Parkinsons a dopamine___leads to increased motor problems

A

Deficit

35
Q

Norms that govern everyday behavior

A

Folkways

36
Q

Takes a group of individuals and asks them about their experiences in the past

A

Retrospective cohort Design

37
Q

Mental shortcuts or simplified interactions of principles that can help us make decisions but can lead to poor judgment

A

Heuristics

38
Q

Refers to the tendency to give socially approved responses to questions in the context of research

A

Social-desirability bias

39
Q

Refers to relationships that exist without blood relationship

A

Affinal kinship or kinship of affinity

40
Q

__is when the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon in a situation more so

A

Negativity bias

41
Q

Refers to whether a study comprehensively accounts for all relevant facets of the phenomenon it is intended to investigate

A

Content validity

42
Q

In operant conditioning __ refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action

A

Thinning

43
Q

__ is a variable that either decreases or increases the strength of an association

A

Moderating variable

44
Q

__ is a variable that provides a causal link between two variables that show a statistical relationship

A

Mediating variable

45
Q

___ posits that people observe themselves in order to figure out the reason they act as they do

A

Self-perception theory

46
Q

What are the stages of Kubler Ross death

A

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

47
Q

Mistaken belief that if something happens more frequently than normal during period, it will happen less frequently in the future

A

Gambler’s fallacy

48
Q

States that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society

A

Anomie theory

49
Q

Holds that individuals who experience negative events feel negative emotions, which leads to negative behaviors

A

General strain theory

50
Q

The __ includes basic human instinctual drives and by definition is UNCONSCIOUS

A

Id

51
Q

__ deals with the Id’s impulses as soon as an adequate response is found. It operates primarily at the conscious and preconscious levels

A

Edo

52
Q

The __ forms the organizd part of the personality structure and is mostly unconscious

A

Superego

53
Q

The __ and ___ are conscious based on Freud’s model

A

Superego and ego

54
Q

The ego, superego, and id are all somewhat ___

A

unconscious

55
Q

__ refers to the perceived pressure to engage or not engage in a behavior

A

Subjective norms

56
Q

__ is the theory that a person’s behavior influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment

A

Reciprocal determinism

57
Q

__asserts that people learn by watching others, and if they see someone is rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too

A

Social cognitive theory

58
Q

Refers to a country rejecting trade with others and remaining isolated

A

Protectionism

59
Q

the hypothesis suggests that dreams are created by changes in neuron activity that activates the brainstem during REM sleep.

In other words, as the body and brain cycles through the day and night, the chemicals that activate the nerves of the brainstem shift and change. As they change, they trigger brain activity that activates memories that come to the surface during periods of the light REM sleep that we all experience.

A

Activation- Synthesis theory

60
Q

is the predictable way the body responds to stress as described by Hans Selye

A

General adaptation syndrome

61
Q

What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

The first stage is the alarm stage, which provides a burst of energy. In the second stage, known as the resistance stage, the body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor. The last stage is known as the exhaustion stage because energy is depleted.

62
Q

predominantly a social phenomenon by which a minority or sub-group is excluded, and their needs or desires ignored

A

Marginalization

63
Q

typically defined as incorporating individuals from different groups into a society as equals.

A

Integration

64
Q

__proposes that individuals are motivated based on expected outcomes of their behavior.

  • Motivation involves:
  • Expectancy : the belief that one will be able to achieve the desired outcome
  • Instrumentality: the belief that one has control over the desired outcome
  • Valence: the value placed on the desired outcome
A

Expectancy theory of motivation

65
Q

_proposed that motivation is a result of a disruption of homeostasis which generates a drive to fulfill that need, which prompts action

A

Drive-Reduction theory

66
Q

The __ bis the model that depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the CNS can directly cause depression symptoms

A

Monoamine hypothesis of depression

67
Q

__ is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a portion of the basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s disease

68
Q

__ is an enzyme attached to mitochondria in axon terminals that catalyze the oxidation (breakdown) of monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

A

Monoamine oxidase

69
Q

__is the ability to apply logic and creative thinking to new situations

A

Fluid intelligence

70
Q

__ is the ability to apply facts and acquired knowledge to situations

A

Crystallized intelligence

71
Q

What two memory forms remain stable with aging?

A
  • Semantic memory: names of people, colors, and vocabulary

- Procedural memory: riding a bike, driving a car, serving a tennis ball, etc.

72
Q

__ occurs when more recent information interferes with one’s ability to recall old information

A

Retroactive interference

73
Q

__occurs when previously learned information interferes with one’s ability to recall new information

A

Proactive interference

74
Q

__is the process whereby information is more easily recalled when an individual is in the same contect (room setting) where he or she first learned the information

A

Context-dependent memory

MCAT (45 decks)

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