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MCAT > MCAT Biology Lymph, Circulatory, and Immune System > Flashcards

MCAT Biology Lymph, Circulatory, and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

A constant nervous input to the arteries that keeps them somewhat constricted to maintain a basal level of blood pressure

A

Adrenergic tone

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2
Q

__are proteins secreted by active B-cells (plasma cells) that bind in a highly specific manner to foreign proteins (such as those found on surface of pathogens and transplanted tissues).

A

Antibodies

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3
Q

___do not destroy antigens directly, rather, they mark them for destruction through other methods, and can inactivate antigens by clumping them together or by covering necessary active sites

A

Antibody

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4
Q

A molecule (usually a protein) capable of initiating an immune response

A

Antigen

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5
Q

Cells that possess MHC 2 (B cells and macrophages) and are able to display bits of ingested antigens on their surface in order to activate T cells

A

Antigen-Presenting cells

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6
Q

Also known as the bundle of His

A

Antrioventricular (AV) bundle

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7
Q

The ___ separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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8
Q

The ___ separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

A

Bicuspid valve

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9
Q

The tricuspid and bicuspid valves close at the beginning of ___ preventing the backflow of blood from ventricles to atria, and producing the first heart sound

A

Systole

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10
Q

A type of lymphocyte that can recognize (bind to) an antigen and secrete an antibody specific for that antigen.

A

B cell

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11
Q

When activated by binding an antigen ___ mature into plasma cells (that secrete antibodies) and memory cells (that patrol the body for future encounters with that antigen)

A

B cell

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12
Q

A sensory receptor that responds to changes in pressure they are located in the carotid arteries and the aortic arch to monitor blood pressure

A

Baroreceptor

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13
Q

The tendency of certain factors to stabilize hemoglobin in the tense conformation, thus reducing its affinity for oxygen and enhancing the release of oxygen to the tissues

A

Bohr effect

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14
Q

An enzyme present in erythrocytes (As well as other places) that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into carbonic acid

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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15
Q

The specialized cells of the heart that spontaneously initiate action potentials and transmit them to the cardiac muscle cells. The cells of the conduction system are essentially cardiac muscle cells, but lack the contractile fibers of the muscle cells, but lack the contractile fibers of the muscle cells, thus they are able to transmit impulses (AP’s) more quickly and efficiently than cardiac muscle tissue

A

Cardiac conduction system

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16
Q

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute (Vol/minute)

A

Cardiac output

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17
Q

A group of blood proteins that bind non-specifically to the surface proteins of foreign cells (such as bacteria), ultimately leading to the destruction of the foreign cell

A

Complement system has four major function, including lysis of infectious organisms, activation of inflammation, opsonization and immune clearance.

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18
Q

The pressure measured in the arteries while the ventricls are relaxed (during diastole)

A

Diastolic pressure

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19
Q

Cells that form the inner linings of arteries,veins, and the walls of capillaries involved in a number of important vascular functions

A

Endothelial cells

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20
Q

The specific site on an antigenic molecule that binds to a T-cell receptor or to an antibody

A

Epitope

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21
Q

The conversion of __ to its active form___is among the final steps in the clot formation, and is triggered by thrombin

A

Fibrinogen (inactive) fibrin (active)

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22
Q

Formed elements include__,___,___

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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23
Q

A mechanism by which the stroke volume of the heart is increase by increasing the venous return to the heart ( thus stretching the ventricular muscle)

A

Frank-Starling mechanism

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24
Q

A tissue in which the cytoplasms of the cells are connected by gap junctions, allowing the cells to function as a unit. Ex: cardiac and smooth muscle)

A

Functional syncytium

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25
Q

The percent of whole blood made up of erythrocytes.

A

Hematocrit

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26
Q

The typical hematocrit value is between ___percent

A

40-45

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27
Q

___ is a group of X-linked recessive disorders in which blood fails to clot properly

A

Hemophilia

28
Q

The stoppage of bleeding; blood clotting

A

Hemostasis

29
Q

A vein connecting the capillary bed of the intestines with the capillary bed of the liver. This allows amino acids and glucose absorbed from the intestines to be delivered first to the liver for processing before being transported throughout the circulatory system

A

Hepatic portal vein

30
Q

Specific defense of the body by antibodies, secreted into the blood by B-cells

A

Humoral immunity

31
Q

What are the four cardinal symptoms of inflammation?

A

swelling (tumor)
redness (rubor)
Heat (calor)
Pain (dolor)

32
Q

Generally, nonspecific protection to the body, including the skin (barrier), gastric acid, phagocytes, lysozyme, and complement

A

Innate immunity

33
Q

The divisions between neighboring cardiac muscle cells.

A

Intercalated discs

34
Q

___include gap junctions, which allow the cells to function as a unit

A

Intercalated discs

35
Q

A chemical secreted by a T cell (usually a helper Ts) that stimulates activation and proliferation of other immune system cells

A

Interleukin

36
Q

The portion of the cardiac conduction system between the SA node and the AV node

A

Internodal tract

37
Q

A white blood cell;leukocytes are involved in disease defense

A

Leukocyte

38
Q

The ability of tissues to regulate their own blood flow in the absence of neural stimulation. This is generally accomplished via metabolic wastes (Such as CO2) that act as vasodilators

A

Local autoregulation

39
Q

A set of vessels in the body that runs alongside the vessels of the circulatory system. It is a one-way system, with lymphatic capillaries beginning at the tissues and ultimately emptying into the large veins near the heart. It serves to return excess tissue fluid (lymph) to the circulatory system, and filters that fluid through millions of white blood cells on its way back to the heart

A

Lymphatic system

40
Q

A concentrated region of white blood cells found along the vessels of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph node

41
Q

The second most common of the five classes of leukocytes. __are involved in specific immunity and include two cell types, B cells and T cells

A

Lymphocyte

42
Q

___are involved in cellular immunity

A

T cells

43
Q

A chemical secreted by a T cell (usually a helper T) that stimulates the activation and proliferation of other immune system cells

A

Lymphokine

44
Q

A cell produced when a B cell is activated by antigen. ___do not actively fight the current infection but patrol the body in case of future infection with the same antigen. If the antigen should appear again in the future __ are like “preactivated” B cell, and can initiate a much faster immune response (the secondary immune response)

A

Memory cell

45
Q

__ are a set of proteins found on the plasma membranes of cells that help display antigens to T cells. __is found on ALL cellls and displays bits of proteins from within the cell; this allows T cells to monitor cell contents and if abnormal peptides are displayed on the surface, the cell is destroyed by killer T cells.

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

46
Q

___is only found on macrophages and B cells, this allows these cells to display bits of “eaten” proteins on their surface, allowing the activation of helper T’s

A

MHC 2

47
Q

The osmotic pressure in the blood vessels due only to PLASMA PROTEINS (ALBUMIN)

A

oncotic pressure

48
Q

The ___ is also known as the craniosacral system because the preganglionic neurons all originate from either the brain or the sacrum

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

49
Q

The flow of blood through tissue

A

Perfusion

50
Q

The resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation.

A

Peripheral resistance

51
Q

___increases if the arteries constrict (diameter decreases)

A

Peripheral resistance

52
Q

increase of ___ leads to an increase in blood pressure

A

Peripheral resistance

53
Q

The liquid portion of blood is known as __

A

plasma

54
Q

Plasma is made of ___,__,__,__,__

A

water, ions, buffers, sugars, proteins, basically anything that dissolves in blood

55
Q

An activate B cell that is secreting antibody

A

Plasma cells

56
Q

The first encounter with an antigen, resulting in activated B cells (for antibody secretion) and T clls (for cellular lysis and lymphocyte proliferation).

A

Primary immune response

57
Q

The __takes approximately ten days, which is long enough for symptoms of the infection to appear

A

Primary immune response

58
Q

The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

59
Q

The flow of blood from the heart through the lungs and back to the heart

A

Pulmonary circulation

60
Q

One of several veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

61
Q

___transmit cardiac impulse to the ventricular muscle

A

Purkinje fibers

62
Q

___ is mediated by memory cells (produced during the primary immune response) and is much faster and stronger than the primary response, typically only a day or less.

A

Secondary immune response

63
Q

__is not long enough for the infection to become established; symptoms do not appear, thus a person is said to be “immune” to that particular antigen

A

Secondary immune response

64
Q

The valves in the heart that separate the ventricles from the arteries

A

Semilunar valves

65
Q

The ___separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

66
Q

The __separates the left ventricles from the aorta

A

Aortic semilunar valve

67
Q

These valves close at the end of systole, preventing the backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles, and producing the second heart sound

A

Semilunar valves

MCAT (45 decks)

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