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MCAT > MCAT Psychology Sensory and Perception Part 2 > Flashcards

MCAT Psychology Sensory and Perception Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

___ are mechanoreceptors for pressure located deep in the skin

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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2
Q

___ is a specialized cell found in the cochlea of the inner ear that detects vibrations caused by sound eaves (Mechanoreceptor)

A

Auditory hair cell

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3
Q

___ are located in semicircular canals in the inner ear that detect acceleration and position relative to gravity (mechanoreceptor)

A

Vestibular hair cell

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4
Q

___ fire action potentials as long as the stimulus continues

A

Tonic receptors

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5
Q

___ only fire action potentials when the stimulus begins and do not explcitly communicate the duration of the stimulus

A

Phasic receptors

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6
Q

This is a sensory organ specialized to detect muscle stretch

A

Muscle spindle

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7
Q

Outer ear consists of __,and the __

A

auricle or pinna and the external auditory canal

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8
Q

Middle ear conssits of the __

A

ossicles, malleus, incus, and the stapes

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9
Q

The __ attaches the oval window the membrane that divides the middle ear from the inner ear

A

Stapes

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10
Q

4 structures of the inner ear include the __,__,__, and the __

A

cochlea, semicircular canals, utricle, and the saccule

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11
Q

The ___ is a membrane-covered hole in the cochlea near the oval window that releases excess pressure

A

Round window

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12
Q

The __ functions to equalize the pressure on both sides of the eardrum and is the cause of the “ear pooping” one experiences at high altitudes or underwater

A

Eustachian tube (also known as the auditory tube)

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13
Q

The vestibular complex is made up of the three semicircular canals:,__,__, and the ___ all are essentially tubes filled with ENDOLYMPH

A

The vestibular complex is made up of the three semicircular canals: the utricle, the saccule and the ampullae

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14
Q

Organs of the vestibular complex are responsible for ___

A

detection of rotational acceleration of the head

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15
Q

Light is ___ as it passes through the cornea, becasue the refractive index of the cornea is higher than that of air

A

Refracted

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16
Q

The ___ contains darkly-pigmented cells; this pigmentation absorbs excess light within the eye

A

Choroid

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17
Q

__ is the surface upon which light is focused

A

Retina

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18
Q

The ___ is the colored part of the eye and muscles here regulate the diameter of the pupil

A

Iris

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19
Q

The role of the ___ is to fine-tune the angle of incoming light, so that the beams are perfectly focused upon the retina

A

Lens

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20
Q

In the center of the macula is the ___ which contains only cones and is responsible for extreme visual acuity

A

Fovea centralis (focal point)

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21
Q

Night vision is accomplished by the __ which are more sensitive to dim light and motion, more concentrated in the periphery of the retina

A

Rods

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22
Q

___ require abundant light and are responsible for color vision and high-acuity, more concentrated in the fovea

A

Cones

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23
Q

Normal vision is termed __

A

emmetropia

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24
Q

Too much curvature of the cornea or lens causes light to be bent too much and to be focused in front of the retina, resulting in ___ or nearsightedness

A

Myopia

25
Q

Myopia (nearsightedness) can be corrected by a ___

A

Concave (diverging) lens

26
Q

A __ will cause the light rays to diverge slightly before they reach the cornea

A

Concave (Diverging) lens

27
Q

___ is farsightedness, which occurs when light is focused BEHIND the retina

A

Hyperopia

28
Q

Hyperopia (farsightedness can be corrected with a ___

A

convex (converging) lens, which causes light to converge before reaching the cornea

29
Q

___ causes light rays to converge before reaching the cornea, effectively correcting Hyperopia (farsightedness)

A

Convex (converging) lens

30
Q

__ is an inability to focus, resulting from loss of flexibility of the lens, which occurs with aging

A

Presbyopia

31
Q

After the optical chiasm the optical axons are called the __

A

optic tract

32
Q

___ whereby many aspects of a visual stimulus (form, motion, color, and depth) are processed simultaneously instead of in a step-by-step process

A

Parallel processing

33
Q

__ is a binocular cue whereby the brain compares the images projected onto the two retinas in order to perceive distance

A

Retinal disparity

34
Q

According to this gestalt principle, when attempting to identify an object, we first identify its outline, which then allows us to figure out what the object is. After the whole emerge we start to identify the parts that make up the whole

A

Emergence

35
Q

A Gestalt principle that explains the tendency of ambiguous images to pop back and forth unstably between alternative interpretations in our brains

A

Multistability

36
Q

Gestalt law that things that are near each other seem to be grouped together

A

Law of proximity

37
Q

This Gestalt law suggest that we perceive smooth, continous lines and forms, rather than a disjoined one

A

Law of continuity

38
Q

This Gestalt law predicts that we will perceive things as a complete logical entity, because our brains will fill in the gaps in the information

A

Law of closure

39
Q

This Gestalt law predicts that objects moving in the same direction or moving in sychrony are perceived as a group or unit

A

Gestalt law of common fate

40
Q

This Gestalt law predicts that things are joined or linked or grouped are perceived as connected

A

Gestalt law of connectedness

41
Q

Information first enters the eye in one direction, and is then turned into an identifiable image by the brain

A

Bottom-up processing

42
Q

In this model:

  1. Inputs from environment enter sensory buffer
  2. One input is selected and filtered based on physical characteristics of the input (sensory modality)
  3. Other sensory info stays in the filter but then decays
  4. In the next step, raw data enters short-term memory stage, where semantic (meaning-making) processes occur
A

Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention

43
Q

This model believes that rather than a filter, the mind has an attenuator, which works like a volume knob it “turns down” the unattended sensory input, rather than eliminating

A

Anne Treisman’s Attenuation Model

44
Q

This idea suggest that people cab be selectively primed to observe something, either by encountering it frequently or by having an expectation.

A

Selective Priming

45
Q

We have a limited pool of resources on which to draw when performing tasks, both modality-specific resources and general. If the resources required to perform multiple tasks simultaneously exceeds the available resources to do so, then the tasks cant be accomplished at the same time

A

Resource model of attention

46
Q

Three factors associated with performance on multi-tasking

A

task similarity
task difficulty
task practice

47
Q

What are Piagets 4 stages of development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2)
  2. Preoperational stage (2-7)
  3. Concrete operational stage (7-11)
  4. Formal operational stage (12-adulthood)
48
Q

During this time, children learn that things can be represented through symbols such as words and image. This accompanies their learning during pretend play and development of language, but they still lack logical reasoning. They are egocentric, don’t understand others have different perspectives

A

Preoperational stage ages 2 to 7 years old

49
Q

Children learn to think logically about concrete events, this helps them learn the principle of conservation: the idea that quantity remains the same despite change in shape. They can also grasp mathematical concepts during this time

A

Concrete Operational Stage

50
Q

An inability to see the problem from a fresh prospective

A

Fixation

51
Q

A tendency to fixate on solutions that worked in the past though they may not apply to the current situation

A

Mental set

52
Q

When you make a decision about something based on the examples that are most available in our mind this is an

A

Availability heuristic

53
Q

When you go to the post office three different times and each time a different employee is rude to you. You may conclude “people who work at the P.O. are rude” this is an example of __, you have developed a generalization about post office workers

A

Representativeness heuristic

54
Q

What is the difference between representative heuristic and availability heuristic?

A

Representativeness heurstic is based more on generalizations (rather than specific examples), whereas the availability heuristic is based on how readily particular examples come to mind

55
Q

The tendency to judge arguments based on what one believes about their conclusions rather than on whether they use sound logic

A

Belief Bias

56
Q

___ is defined as the awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment

A

Consciousness

57
Q

People with this disorder lose the ability to speak, they know what they want to say but are unable to communicate it

A

Broca’s aphasia

58
Q

People with___ do not have a problem with producing speech, but are incapable of producing intelligible, meaningful language

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

MCAT (45 decks)

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