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Infectious Disease > Gram - Infections > Flashcards

Gram - Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

As a general rule, most clinical infections are ____ while most GI infections are ____

A

Aerobic, anaerobic

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2
Q

Endotoxin

A

Derived from the LPS protein layer on the outermost membrane of gram - organisms, released upon cell death to cause malaise but rarely fatal

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3
Q

Exotoxin

A

Substances released by living bacterium, can cause major damage to host and are fatal in large quantities

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4
Q

Periplasmic enzymes

A

enzymes stored in the space between the outer membrane and cell wall of the gram negative organism, when released are a source of virulence factor in the body as an endotoxin

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5
Q

E. coli is normally found in the GI tract without causing problems, in fact they help metabolize what vitamin?

A

B2 riboflavin

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6
Q

Most common UTI causing organism

A

E. coli

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7
Q

Pathology from E coli

A
  • Gastroenteritis/dysentary
  • Neonatal meningitis
  • septicemia
  • UTI
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8
Q

E. coli transmission

A

Fecal oral route

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9
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli EHEC AKA Shiga toxin producing or Verocytotoxin producing

A

-Produce toxin similar to shigella, characterized by abdominal pain with initially watery diarhea but can become blood streaked

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10
Q

0157:H7 E coli

A

Strain responsible most common cause of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome

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11
Q

3 common features of hemolytic uremic syndrome

A
  • Hemolysis
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Renal failure
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12
Q

Enterotoxigenic E coli ETEC

A

Leading cause of traveler’s diarrhea, causes explosive watery, oral fecal route, nonmucoid, nonbloody diarrhea, usually resolved in 3-5 days and self limiting

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13
Q

Enteroinvasive E coli EIEC

A

Rare in developed countries, watery to bloody stool usually fever and sever abdominal pain

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14
Q

Enteropathogenic e. coli EPEC

A

Infant diarrhea and impoversihed countries, person to person outbreak, noninvasive but can last 7-15 days

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15
Q

Enteroaggregative E coli EAEC

A

Relatively new, associated with prolonged diarrhea in pediatrics in developing countries, acute and persistent diarrhea in HIV infected adults, 2nd cause of traveler’s diarrhea, watery stool to bloody, growth retardation and malnutrition

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16
Q

Diffusely adherent e coli DAEC

A

Watery diarrhea in children over 2 years, developing and developed countries

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17
Q

6 types of e coli

A 
Enterohemorrhagic
Enterotoxogenic
Enteroinvasive
Enteropathogenic
Enteroaggregative
Diffusely adherant
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18
Q

E coli treatment

A

Often preventative measures, don’t need antibiotics unless UTI

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19
Q

Campylobacter

A

Leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, and commonly causes traveler’s diarrhea, birds and poultry often reservoirs

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20
Q

Examples of campylobacter species

A

C. jejuni

C. coli

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21
Q

Key signifier of campylobacter infection

A

Histologic damage to jejunum, ileum, and colon where mucosal surface appears ulcerated and bloody with crypt abscesses

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22
Q

2 sequelae rare but seen after campylobacter infection

A

Reactive arthritis

Gulliain Barre’ syndrome

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23
Q

Campylobacter treatment

A

Often preventative, disease self limiting

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24
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

Uncommon life threatening in children that can survive in low temps and pasteurized milkm typically manifests as pseudoappendicitis in children

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25
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

A biological WMD transmitted via flea bites and lab specimens, lead to black death, has 2 manifestations bubonic (high fever, bubo formation, 50% mortality) and pneumonic (fever, pulmonary, 90% mortality)

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26
Q

Yersinia pestis treatment

A

Aminoglycosides like streptomycin and gentamycin

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27
Q

Vibrio cholerae infection

A

Secretory diarrhea from cholera toxin 24hrsr after -3 days , can cause rice stools with fishy odor, can kill within 6-12 hours of dehydration

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28
Q

Vibrio cholerae transmission

A

Water or food contaminated by human fecal matter

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29
Q

2 types of salmonella enterica manifestations

A

1) Salmonellosis - vomiting, profuse diarrhea, abdominal pain
2) typhoid fever - sometimes individuals are carriers

30
Q

Typhoid fever presentation

A

Incubation for 8-14 days, sustained high fever, chills, some develop rose spots

31
Q

Salmonella typhi treatment

A

Quinolones - ciprofloxacin

32
Q

Salmonellosis presentation

A

Diarrhea, sometimes bloody, fever, cramps, ill appearance 2-7 days

33
Q

Salmonellosis treatment

A

Avoid antibiotics (highly resistant, unless bacteremia), avoid anti-diarrheal agents, supportive therapy

34
Q

Shigellosis

A

Humans are only reservoir, spread fecal oral, common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, highly contageous, bloody watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, self limiting

35
Q

Tenesmus

A

Constant feeling of having to have a bowel movement despite lack of any actual defacation

36
Q

Shigellosis treatment

A

Sel flimiting, oral or IV fluid replacement, antibiotics only if severe

37
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

Most healthy people do not get sick, can be nosocomial in a compromised immune system, part of normal flora

38
Q

Klebsiella pneumonaie presentation

A

Thick purulent mucoid sputum (currant jelly), lung abscesses, acute cholangitis

39
Q

Triad for acute cholangitis

A

fever, upper right quadrant abdominal pain, jaundice

40
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae treatment

A

Multiple resistance, check susceptibility pattern

41
Q

Proteus mirabilis

A

Normal flora that becomes pathogenic in urinary tract (2ndary cause of UTI), wounds, kidney stones (huge and staghorn) often seen in those who have an indwelling catheter

42
Q

Proteus miribalis treatment

A

Check sensitivity pattern, highly resistant

43
Q

Serratia marcescens

A

Opportunistic pathogen usually nosocomial in nature, rarely invasive, turns red at room temp

44
Q

Serratia marcesscens treatmnet

A

Culture and sensitivity needed

45
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Opportunistic, nosocomial often infection can also infect hot tubs or ears in healthy, highly virulent, has fruity grape odor

46
Q

Pseudomonas treatment

A

Multi drug resistant, serious threat, need expensive or iv drugs to treat

47
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

A

Derived from stagnate man made water sources such as air cooling system in legionnaire convention, not contageous person to person, most common atypical pneumonia

48
Q

2 forms of presentation of legionella pneumophilia

A

1) Pontiac fever - influenza like, high fever

2) Legionnaire’s - severe pneumonia, fever, dry cough

49
Q

Heliobacter pylori

A

Causes peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, most will never develop symptoms, produces urease to colonize gastric mucosa, fecal oral route transmissino

50
Q

H pylori diagnosis

A

Urea breath test, blood or stool antigen test

51
Q

H pylori treatment

A

bismuth subsalicylate, amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, tetracyclin

52
Q

Brucellosis

A

Zoonotic, almost all from direct or indirect exposure to animals, very rare, range of symptoms

53
Q

Brucellosis diagnosis

A

Blood or other body fluid culture

54
Q

Brucellosis treatment

A

Doxycycline and rifampin, bactrim

55
Q

Tularemia

A

Rabbit fever, transmitted via skin contact with infected animals, inhalation of aerosols, very virulent, can survive in macrophages, difficult to diagnose

56
Q

Tuleremia treatment

A

Streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, cipro

57
Q

Pasteurella multocida

A

Transmitted by many domestic or wild animal scratch or bite, ability to alter shape and size

58
Q

Pasteurella treatment

A

Amoxicillin,3rd gen cephalosporin

59
Q

Haemophilus 4 species

A

Haemophilus influenza A or B, ducreyi, haemolyticus

60
Q

Haemophilus characteristics

A

Found in normal flora, requires high CO2 low O2, resistance to PCN

61
Q

Most common types of invasive disease cause by H influenza

A

Meningitis, epiglottitis

62
Q

Haemophilus ducreyi

A

Chancroid forming, genital ulcer disease

63
Q

Haemophilus treatment

A

amoxacillin, if resistant 2nd or 3rd gen cephalosporin

64
Q

Hamophilus influenza B has a ____ available

A

vaccine

65
Q

Niesseria gonorrhoeae

A

2nd most common STD in US, intracellular diplococci, growing resistance to B lactamase, reportable, screen high risk anually

66
Q

Niesseria gonorrhoae infection

A

Cervicitis/PID/urethritis, pharyngitis, neonatal conjunctivitis (can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree), fitz hugh curtis syndrome

67
Q

Niesseria gonorrhoae treatment

A

Ceftriaxone, azithromycine or doxycycline, cipro

68
Q

Fitz hugh - curtis syndrome

A

Rare disease found almost exclusively in women, inflammation of membrane lining stomach and the tissues surrounding the liver,

69
Q

Niesseria meningitidis

A

Inflames meninges, presents as headache, stiff neck and feer, prompt treatment required

70
Q

Niesseria meningitidis treatment

A

Vancomycin

71
Q

Niesseria meningitidis diagnosis

A

Gram stain CSF

Infectious Disease (24 decks)

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