7th Science Genetics Outline

Question 1

_______ is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Answer 1

Heredity

Question 2

In the 1850s, _______, an Austrian friar, performed experiments that helped answer questions about how traits are inherited.

Answer 2

Gregor Mendel

Question 3

_______ is the study of how traits pass from parents to offspring.

Answer 3

Genetics

Question 4

Pea plants were ideal for genetic studies because they ________ quickly; they have easily observed traits; and the experimenter can control which pairs of plants ______ .

Answer 4

reproduce,reproduced

Question 5

Mendel controlled which plants ________ other plants.

Answer 5

Pollinated

Question 6

When a(n) ________ plant self-pollinates, it always produces offspring with traits that match the parent.

Answer 6

True breeding

Question 7

By _________ plants himself, Mendel was able to select which plants pollinated other plants.

Answer 7

Cross pollinating

Question 8

With each cross-pollination Mendel did, he recorded the traits that appeared in the __________

Answer 8

Offspring

Question 9

Mendel’s crosses between true-breeding plants with purple flowers produced plants with only _______ flowers. Crosses between true-reeding plants, with white flowers produced plants with only ______ flowers.

Answer 9

purple;white

Question 10

Crosses between true-breeding plants with purple flowers and true-breeding plants with white flowers produced plants with only _______ flowers.

Answer 10

purple

Question 11

The first generation purple-flowering plants are called ______ plants.

Answer 11

hybrid

Question 12

When Mendel cross pollinated two hybrid plants, the trait that had disappeared in the first generation always _________ in the second generation.

Answer 12

reappeared

Question 13

Mendel analyzed the data from many experiments on seven different __________. he always noted a 3:1 _________; for example, purple flowers grew from hybrid crosses ________ times more often than white flowers.

Answer 13

traits;ratio;three

Question 14

After analyzing the results of his experiments, Mendel concluded that two _________ control each trait.

Answer 14

genetic factors

Question 15

Mendel also proposed that, when organisms reproduce, each _________, sperm or egg, contributes one factor for each trait.

Answer 15

reproductive cell

Question 16

A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor is ______.

Answer 16

dominant trait

Question 17

A genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor is called ________.

Answer 17

recessive trait

Question 18

For the second generation, Mendel cross-pollinated two hybrids with purple flowers. About _______ percent of the second generation plants had purple flowers. These plants had at least one ________ factor. _________ percent of the second-generation plants had white flowers. These plants had the same two ______ factors.

Answer 18

75%;dominant; 25%;recessive

Question 19

Inside each cell is a nucleus that contains threadlike structures called ________.

Answer 19

chromosomes

Question 20

Mendel’s factors are parts of chromosomes, and each cell in the offspring contains chromosomes from both ______.

Answer 20

parents

Question 21

A(n) __________ is a section on a chromosomes that has genetic information for one trait.

Answer 21

gene

Question 22

The different forms of a gene are called ______.

Answer 22

alleles

Question 23

Geneticists refer to how a trait appears, or is expressed, as the trait’s ______.

Answer 23

phenotype

Question 24

The two alleles that control the phenotype of a trait are called the trait’s _______.

Answer 24

genotype

Question 25

In genetics, _________ letters represent dominant alleles, and _________ letters represent recessive alleles.

Answer 25

upper case; lower case

Question 26

When two alleles of a gene are the same, ins genotype is _________.

Answer 26

homozygous

Question 27

If two alleles of a gene are different, its genotype is _______.

Answer 27

Hetrosyzgus

Question 28

In a situation based on chance, such as flipping a coin, the chance of getting a certain outcome can be represented by a(n) __________ such as 50:50, or 1:1.

Answer 28

ratio

Question 29

A(n) __________ is a model that is used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.

Answer 29

Punnett Square

Question 30

To create a Punnett square, you need to know the _______ of both parents.

Answer 30

genotypes

Question 31

If you count large numbers of ________ from a particular cross, the overall ratio will be close to the ratio predicted by the Punnett square.

Answer 31

offspring

Question 32

A(n) _________ is a diagram that shows phenotypes of genetically related family members. It also gives class about their ________.

Answer 32

pedigree, heredity

Question 33

Alleles show _______ when the offspring's phenotype is a bland of the parents' phenotype.

Answer 33

incomplete dominance

Question 34

Alleles show _________ when both alleles can be observed in a phenotype.

Answer 34

codominance

Question 35

Unlike the genes in Mendel's pea plants, some genes have _________ alleles.

Answer 35

multiple

Question 36

ABO ________ type is a trait that is determined by multiple alleles.

Answer 36

blood

Question 37

___________ occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotype of a trait.

Answer 37

Polygenic inheritance

Question 38

Human eye _______ is an example of polygenic inheritance.

Answer 38

color

Question 39

________ are not the only factor that can affect phenotypes. An organism's ____________ can also affect its phenotype.

Answer 39

Genes; environment

Question 40

The flower color of one type of hydrangea is determined by the ________ in which the hydrangea grows.

Answer 40

soil

Question 41

________ choices can affect a person's phenotype.

Answer 41

Healthful

Question 42

How a trait appears or is expressed?

Answer 42

phenotype

Question 43

Name some examples of phenotypes.

Answer 43

blue eyes, brown hair, red flowers, horns

Question 44

The two alleles that control the phenotype of a trait?

Answer 44

genotype

Question 45

What are genotypes represented by?

Answer 45

one uppercase and one lowercase letter

Question 46

For example what does BB, Bb and bb represent?

Answer 46

brown or blue eye color

Question 47

Uppercase letters represent what type of alleles?

Answer 47

Dominant traits

Question 48

For example, what does BB and Bb represent?

Answer 48

Dominant brown eye color

Question 49

Lowercase letters represent what type of alleles?

Answer 49

Recessive traits

Question 50

For example, what doe bb represent?

Answer 50

Recessive blue eye color

Question 51

What does home mean?

Answer 51

the same

Question 52

What is it called when two alleles of a gene are the same, for example BB or bb?

Answer 52

homozygous genotypes

Question 53

What does heater mean?

Answer 53

different

Question 54

What is it called when two alleles of a gene are different, for example Bb?

Answer 54

heterozygous genotypes

Question 55

What is a way to model inheritance to determine possible genotypes and phenotypes of an organism based on the genotype of the parent organisms?

Answer 55

punnett square