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Microbiology > E1- Otitis, Sinusitis, Diphtheria, Pertussis > Flashcards

E1- Otitis, Sinusitis, Diphtheria, Pertussis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two most common organisms that cause otitis externa?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

What are the three most common organisms that cause otitis media and sinusitis?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common)
Moraxella catarrhalis
Haemophilus influenza

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3
Q

What is the most common organism that causes diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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4
Q

What is the most common organism that causes whooping cough (pertussis)?

A

Bordetella pertussis

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5
Q

How do you determine which organism is the causative agent of otitis externa?

A

Gram stain

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6
Q

Is pseudomonas aeruginosa gram positive or negative? What shape?

A

Gram negative bacilli

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7
Q

Many strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa produce ______, but nearly all produce ______. (Think pigment)

A

Pyocyanin (non fluorescent blue; generates ROS)

Pyoverdin (fluorescent green; sequesters iron)

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8
Q

Is staphylococcus aureus gram positive or negative? What shape?

A

Gram positive cocci

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9
Q

What is unique about staphylococcus aureus?

A

Coagulate positive

B-hemolytic

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10
Q

Is streptococcus pneumoniae gram positive or negative? What shape?

A

Gram positive, lancet-shaped diplococci

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11
Q

What is unique about streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

A-hemolytic

Sensitive to optochin

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12
Q

Is haemophilus influenzae gram positive or gram negative? What shape?

A

Gram negative coccobacilli

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13
Q

Is moraxella catarrhalis gram positive or negative? What shape?

A

Gram negative diplococci

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14
Q

What is unique about moraxella catarralis?

A

B-lactamase producer and oxidase positive

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15
Q

What are the two type of diphtheria diseases?

A

Cutaneous and respiratory

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16
Q

Is diphtheria gram positive or negative? What shape?

A

Gram positive bacilli

Palisades- “V” appearance

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17
Q

What type of oxygen requirements and agar plate does diphtheria need for growth?

A

Aerobic on blood agar

18
Q

Toxigenic strains of diphtheria have a _____.

A

Phage encoded (tox) exotoxin = diphtheria toxin

19
Q

_____ concentration stimulates production of diphtheria toxin, which is an ______.

A

Low iron

A-B exotoxin

20
Q

The A portion of an A-B exotoxin is the

A

Catalytic subunit

21
Q

The B portion of an A-B exotoxin is the

A

Receptor binding domain

22
Q

The Diphtheria exotoxin binds to what type of receptor on the cell membrane to then be endocytosed?

A

Heparin-binding EGF receptor

23
Q

When the diphtheria exotoxin acidifies the inside of the cell, it releases the __ subunit, which inactivates EF-2. This halts _____.

A

A

Protein synthesis

24
Q

What is a network of fibrin + bacteria + WBCs + necrotic epithelial cells called? What disease is it associated with?

A

Pseudomembrane

Respiratory diphtheria

25
Q

What disease is bull neck associated with?

A

Serious respiratory diphtheria

26
Q

What types of cultures should you use to help diagnose diptheria?

A

Loeffler’s medium and Cycteine-tellurite agar

27
Q

Besides a gram stain, what other type of stain can use use to help diagnose diphtheria?

A

Volutin: metachromatic (volutin) granules

28
Q

If diphtheria is your presumptive dx, what should you test isolates for?

A

Toxin production

29
Q

What four tests can be used to test for toxin production?

A

Elek test
PCR
ELISA
Immunochromatographic strip assay

30
Q

Is Bordetella pertussis gram positive or negative? What shape?

A

Gram negative coccobacilli

31
Q

What are the three virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis?

A

Endotoxin
Adhesions
Exotoxins

32
Q

What are the four exotoxins produced by Bordetella pertussis?

A
  1. Pertussis toxin (A-B exotoxin)
  2. Adenylate cyclase toxin
  3. Dermonecrotic toxin
  4. Tracheal cytotoxin
33
Q

After an average incubation period of 7-10 days, pertussis occurs in what three stages?

A
  1. Catarrhal stage
  2. Paroxysmal stage
  3. Convalescent stage
34
Q

What disease stage of pertussis is associated with:

a. inflammation of mucous membranes
b. nonspecific upper respiratory tract syndrome
c. highly contagious

A

Catarrhal stage

35
Q

What disease stage of pertussis is associated with:

a. attacks or spasms
b. paroxysmal coughing, followed by vomiting

A

Paroxysmal stage

36
Q

What disease stage of pertussis is associated with:

a. paroxysms decrease
b. possibility of serious complications

A

Convalescent stage

37
Q

What are possible complications seen with pertussis?

A

Pneumonia*
Encephalopathy
Seizures
Death

38
Q

What type of serology test is used to help dx pertussis? What finding would indicate a recent infection?

A

ELISA

4-fold increase or high initial titer

39
Q

What two test can be for a definitive dx of pertussis?

A

Culture on enriched medium
-Bordet Gengou agar
-Regan Lowe agar
PCR

40
Q

What type of culture sample can you use to dx pertussis?

A

Bordet-Gengou agar

Regan-Lowe agar

Microbiology (23 decks)

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