Anal Sac Tumors

Question 1

Potanas, JAVMA, 2015:
Anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma in dogs

1. What % of dogs had pre-op hypercalcemia?
2. What % of dogs had sublumbar lymphadenopathy?
3. What % of dogs had disease progression or recurrence?
4. Neither hypercalcemia nor hypophosphatemia were significant prognostic variables for survival time or disease-free interval - true or false?
5. Negative prognostic factors?

Answer 1

Potanas, JAVMA, 2015:

1. 20% had pre-op hypercalcemia
2. 38% had sublumbar lymphadenopathy
3. 62% had disease progression or recurrence
4. True
5. Presence of sublumbar lymphadenopathy and lymph node extirpation were negative prognostic factors

Question 2

Mellett, JSAP, 2015:
SCC of the anal sacs in dogs

What was associated with an apparent reduced survival?

Answer 2

Mellett, JSAP, 2015:

A sero-hemorrhagic discharge was associated with an apparent reduced survival

Question 3

Palladino, JVIM, 2016:
CT vs abdo ultrasound to identify iliosacral lymphadenomegaly

1. CT identified lymphadenomegaly in what % of dogs?
2. Abdominal ultrasound identified at least 1 enlarged lymph node in all affected dogs, but it did not detect additional enlarged nodes in what % of dogs with lymphadenomegaly?

Answer 3

Palladino, JVIM, 2016:

1. CT identified lymphadenomegaly in 65% of the dogs
2. Abdominal ultrasound identified at least 1 enlarged lymph node in all affected dogs, but it did not detect additional enlarged nodes in 69% of dogs with lymphadenomegaly

Question 4

Majeski, VRU, 2017:
Indirect CT lymphography for iliosacral lymphatic mapping

1. Indirect CT lymphography identified lymphatic pathways and sentinel lymph nodes in what % of the cases?
2. Identified sentinel lymph nodes were ipsilateral to the anal sac adenocarcinoma in what % of the cases?

Answer 4

Majeski, VRU, 2017:

1. Indirect CT lymphography identified lymphatic pathways and sentinel lymph nodes in 92% of the cases
2. Identified sentinel lymph nodes were ipsilateral to the anal sac adenocarcinoma in 67% of the cases and contralateral to the anal sac adenocarcinoma in 33% of the cases

Question 5

Skorupski, JAVMA, 2018:
Dogs with early-stage anal sac adenocarcinoma

1. What % of dogs had local recurrence?
2. What % of dogs developed metastasis to regional lymph nodes?
3. What % of dogs developed both local recurrence and metastasis?
4. What histologic finding was associated with development of metastasis?
5. Many of the dogs survived for at least how many years after surgical excision without any additional treatment?

Answer 5

Skorupski, JAVMA, 2018:

1. 21% had local recurrence
2. 26% developed metastasis to regional lymph nodes
3. 12% had both local recurrence and metastasis
4. Extent of cellular pleomorphism was associated with development of metastasis
5. Many of the dogs survived for at least 4 years after surgical excision without any additional treatment

Question 6

Amsellem, JAVMA, 2019:
Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma in cats

1. What were the most common clinical signs?
2. Risk factors for local recurrence?
3. What % of the cats developed local recurrence?

Answer 6

Amsellem, JAVMA, 2019:

1. Perineal ulceration or perineal discharge were the most common clinical signs
2. Risk factors for local recurrence were incomplete tumor margins and a high nuclear pleomorphic score
3. 37% developed local recurrence

Question 7

Elliott, JAVMA, 2019:
Toceranib phosphate for stage 4 anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs

What % of the dogs had stable disease?

Answer 7

Elliott, JAVMA, 2019:

87% had stable disease (some had reduction in tumor burden but not enough to classify as a partial response)