Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Structure

Question 1

Appositional Growth

Answer 1

The enlargement of a cartilage or bone by the addition of cartilage or bony matrix at its surface.

Question 2

Bone Tissue

Answer 2

A strong connective tissue containing specialized cells and a mineralized matrix of crystalline calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate; also called osseus tissue.

Question 3

Calcification

Answer 3

The deposition of calcium salts within a tissue.

Question 4

Canaliculi

Answer 4

Microscopic passageways between cells; bile canaliculi carry bile to bile ducts in the liver; in bone, canaliculi permit the diffusion of nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes.

Question 5

Central Canal

Answer 5

Longitudinal canal in the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves; also called Haversian canal; passageway along the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord that contains CSF.

Question 6

Closed Fracture

Answer 6

Simple fractures are completely internal.

Question 7

Colles Fracture

Answer 7

A break in the distal portion of the radius, is typically the result of reaching out to cushion a fall.

Question 8

Comminuted Fractures

Answer 8

Shatter the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments.

Question 9

Compact Bone

Answer 9

Dense bone that contains parallel osteons.

Question 10

Compression Fractures

Answer 10

Occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses, such as those produced by the forces that arise when you land on your seat in a fall. Compression fractures are often associated with osteoporosis.

Question 11

Diaphysis

Answer 11

The shaft of a long bone.

Question 12

Displaced Fractures

Answer 12

Produce new and abnormal bone arrangements.

Question 13

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 13

The replacement of a cartilaginous model with bone; the characteristic mode of formation for skeletal elements other than the bones of the cranium, the clavicles, and sesamoid bones.

Question 14

Endosteum

Answer 14

An incomplete cellular lining on the inner (medullary) surfaces of bones.

Question 15

Epiphyseal Cartilages

Answer 15

The cartilaginous region between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone; also called epiphyseal plate.

Question 16

Epiphyseal Fractures

Answer 16

Tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying; unless carefully treated, fractures between the epiphysis and the epiphyseal cartilage can permanently stop growth at this site.

Question 17

Epiphysis

Answer 17

The head of a long bone.

Question 18

Fracture

Answer 18

A break or crack in a bone.

Question 19

Greenstick Fracture

Answer 19

Only one side of the fracture is broken, and the other is bent. This type of fracture generally occurs in children, whose long bones have yet to ossify fully.

Question 20

Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 20

The formation of bone within a connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilaginous model.

Question 21

Lamellae

Answer 21

Concentric layers; the concentric layers of bone within an osteon.

Question 22

Medullary Cavity

Answer 22

The space within the bone that contains the marrow.

Question 23

Metaphysis

Answer 23

The region of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis, corresponding to the location of the epiphyseal cartilage of the developing bone.

Question 24

Nondisplaced Fractures

Answer 24

Retain the normal alignment of the bones or fragments.

Question 25

Open Fracture

Answer 25

Compound fracture projecting through the skin.

Question 26

Ossification

Answer 26

The formation of bone; osteogenesis.

Question 27

Osteocytes

Answer 27

A bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone.

Question 28

Osteogenesis

Answer 28

The formation of bone; ossification.

Question 29

Osteon

Answer 29

The basic histological unit of compact bone, consisting of osteocytes organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae.

Question 30

Osteoporosis

Answer 30

A reduction in bone mass that causes brittle, fragile bones and compromises normal function.

Question 31

Parathyroid Glands

Answer 31

Four small glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 32

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Answer 32

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels decrease below the normal range; causes increased osteoclast activity, increased intestinal calcium uptake, and decreased calcium ion less by the kidneys.

Question 33

Perforating Canals

Answer 33

Passageways within compact bone that extend perpendicular to the surface.

Question 34

Periosteum

Answer 34

The layer that surrounds a bone, consisting of an out fibrous region and inner cellular region.

Question 35

Pott’s Fracture

Answer 35

Also called a bimalleolar fracture, occurs at the ankle and affects both the medial malleolus of the distal tibia and the lateral malleolus of the distal fibula.

Question 36

Sesamoid Bones

Answer 36

A bone that forms within a tendon.

Question 37

Spiral Fractures

Answer 37

Are produced by a twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone.

Question 38

Spongy Bone

Answer 38

Bone that consists of an open network of struts and plates that resembles a three-dimensional garden lattice.

Question 39

Trabeculae

Answer 39

A connective tissue partition that subdivides an organ.

Question 40

Transverse Fractures

Answer 40

Such as this fractures of the ulna, break a bone shaft across its long axis.

Question 41

Achondroplasia

Answer 41

A disorder of bone growth that causes the most common type of dwarfism.

Question 42

Bone Marrow Transplant

Answer 42

Transferring healthy bone marrow stem cells from one person into another, replacing bone marrow that is either dysfunctional or has been destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation.

Question 43

Bone Mineral Density Test (BMD)

Answer 43

A test to predict the risk of bone fractures by measuring how much calcium and other types of minerals are present in the patient’s bones.

Question 44

Bone Scan

Answer 44

A nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown. Used to evaluate damage, find cancer in the bones, and/or monitor the bone’s conditions (including infection and trauma).

Question 45

Closed Reduction

Answer 45

The correction of a bone fracture by manipulation without incision into the skin.

Question 46

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorpitometry (DEXA)

Answer 46

Procedure that uses very small amounts of radiation to measure changes in bone density as small as 1%; the test monitors bone density in osteoporosis and osteopenia.

Question 47

Open Reduction

Answer 47

The correction of a bone fracture by making an incision into the skin and rejoining the fractured bone parts, often by mechanical means such as a rod, plate, or screw.

Question 48

Orthopedics

Answer 48

The branch of medicine dealing with the correction of deformities of bones or muscles.

Question 49

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)

Answer 49

An inherited (genetic) disorder characterized by extreme fragility of the bones; also called brittle bone disease.

Question 50

Osteomyelitis

Answer 50

An acute or chronic bone infection.

Question 51

Osteopetrosis

Answer 51

A rare hereditary bone disorder in which the bones become overly dense; it presents in one of three forms: osteopetrosis tarda, osteopetrosis congenita, and “marble bone” disease”.

Question 52

Osteosarcoma

Answer 52

A type of cancer that starts in the bones; also called osteogenic sarcoma.

Question 53

Paget’s Disease

Answer 53

A chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones due to abnormal bone destruction and regrowth.

Question 54

Traction

Answer 54

The application of a sustained pull on a limb or muscle in order to maintain the position of a fractured bone until healing occurs or to correct a deformity.