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Biology 201 and 202 Vocab > Chapter 24: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Borborygmus

A

A rumbling or gurgling sound made by the movement of fluids and gases in the intestines.

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2
Q

Cathartics

A

Drugs that promote defecation

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3
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder.

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4
Q

Cholera

A

A bacterial infection of the digestive tract that causes massive fluid losses through diarrhea.

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5
Q

Colitis

A

A general term for a condition characterized by inflammation of the colon.

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6
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

An incurable chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, form the mouth to the anus. The presence of strictures, fistulas, and fissures is common.

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7
Q

Diveritculitis

A

An infection and inflammation of mucosal pockets of the large intestine (diverticula).

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8
Q

Diverticulosis

A

The formation of diverticula, generally along the sigmoid colon.

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9
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty or discomfort in swallowing due to disease.

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10
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Swollen and fragile esophageal veins that result from portal hypertension.

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11
Q

Fecal Occult Blood Test

A

Test to check for hidden blood in feces.

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12
Q

Gastrectomy

A

The surgical removal of the stomach, generally to treat advanced cancer.

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13
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Chronic condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter allows gastric acids to backflow into the esophagus, causing heartburn, acid indigestion, and possible injury to the esophageal lining.

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14
Q

Gastroscope

A

A fiber-optic instrument inserted into the mouth and directed along the esophagus and into the stomach; used to examine the interior of the stomach and to perform minor surgical procedures.

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15
Q

Halitosis

A

Bad breath that may be due to poor oral hygiene, an infection, diabetes, or other disease.

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16
Q

Insoluable Fiber

A

Indigestible plant carbohydrates that do not dissolve in water and pass through the GI tract unchanged. Found in many vegetables and the skins of fruits, insoluable fiber speeds up the passage of material in the GI tract. Individuals consuming diets rich in insoluable fiber decrease their risk for developing diabetes, atherosclerosis, and colorectal cancers, among other diseases.

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17
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A

A common disorder affecting the large intestine, accompanied by cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea, and constipation.

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18
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

A

Malignancy of the pancreas that does not cause symptoms in its early stages, leading to late detection and the survival rate of only 4 percent.

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19
Q

Periodontal Disease

A

A loosening of the teeth within the alveolar sockets caused by erosion of the periodontal ligaments by acids produced through bacterial action.

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20
Q

Polyps

A

Small growths with a stalk protruding from a mucous membrane that is usually benign.

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21
Q

Pulpitis

A

An infection of the pulp of a tooth; treatment may involve a root canal procedure.

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22
Q

Pyloric Stenosis

A

Uncommon condition in which the muscle of the lower end of the stomach enlarges and prevents food from entering the small intestine.

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23
Q

Pylorospasm

A

Spasm of the pyloric sphincter, accompanied by pain and vomiting.

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24
Q

Root Canal

A

Removal of the alveolar nerve in a severely damaged tooth.

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25
Q

Soluble Fiber

A

Indigestible plant carbohydrates found in beans, oats, and citrus fruits that dissolve in water when eaten, forming a gel within the digestive tract to slow the passage of material. Diets rich in soluble fiber lower blood cholesterol levels.

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26
Q

Absorption

A

The active or passive update of gases fluids or solutes.

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27
Q

Adventitia

A

The superficial layer of connective tissue surrounding an internal organ; fibers are continuous with those of surrounding tissues providing support and stabilization.

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28
Q

Anus

A

The external opening of an anal canal.

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29
Q

Appendix

A

A blind sac connected to the cecum of the large intestine; also called vermiform appendix.

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30
Q

Bile Duct

A

The duct formed by the union of the cystic duct from the gallbladder and the common hepatic duct from the liver; terminates at the duodenal ampulla, where it meets the pancreatic duct.

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31
Q

Bile Salts

A

Steroid derivatives in bile; responsible for the emulsification of ingested lipids.

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32
Q

Bile

A

The exocrine secretion of the liver; stored in the gallbladder and ejected into the duodenum.

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33
Q

Bolus

A

A compact mass; usually refers to compacted ingested material (food) on its way to the stomach.

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34
Q

Carbohydrate

A

An organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio that approximates.

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35
Q

Cardia

A

The region of the stomach surrounding its connection with the esophagus.

36
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Relatively large droplets that may contain triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol in association with proteins; synthesized and released by intestinal cells and transported to the venous blood by the lymphatic system.

37
Q

Colon

A

The large intestine from the cecum to the rectum.

38
Q

Cystic Duct

A

A duct that carries bile between the gallbladder and the common bile ducts.

39
Q

Defacation

A

The elimination of fecal waste.

40
Q

Digestive System

A

The digestive tract and associated glands.

41
Q

Digestive Tract

A

An internal passageway that begins at the mouth, ends at the anus, and is lined by a mucous membrane; also called gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal.

42
Q

Duodenal Ampulla

A

A chamber that receives bile from the common bile duct and pancreatic secretions from the pancreatic duct.

43
Q

Duodenal Papilla

A

A conical projection from the inner surface of the duodenum that contains the opening of the duodenal ampulla.

44
Q

Duodenum

A

The proximal 25 cm (9.8 in) of the small intestine that contains short villi and submucosal glands.

45
Q

Elastase

A

A pancreatic enzyme that breaks down elastin fibers.

46
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells

A

Endocrine cells scattered among the epithelial cells that line the digestive tract.

47
Q

Enterogastric Reflex

A

The reflexive inhibition of gastric secretion; initiated by the arrival of chyme in the small intestine.

48
Q

Enterohepatic Circulation

A

The excretion of bile salts by the liver, followed by the absorption of bile salts by intestinal cells for return to the liver by the hepatic portal vein.

49
Q

Esophagus

A

A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

50
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

A sheet of mesentery that contains the ligaments teres, the fibrous remains of the umbilical vein of the fetus.

51
Q

Feces

A

Waste products eliminated by the digestive tract at the anus; contains indigestible residue, bacteria, mucus, and epithelial cells.

52
Q

Flatus

A

Intestinal gas.

53
Q

Fundus

A

The base of an organ such as the stomach, uterus, or gallbladder.

54
Q

Gallbladder

A

The pear-shaped reservoir for bile after it is secreted by the liver.

55
Q

Gastric Glands

A

The tubular glands of the stomach whose cells produce acid, enzymes, intrinsic factor, and hormones.

56
Q

Gomphosis

A

A fibrous synarthrosis that binds a tooth to the bone of the jaw; see also periodontal ligament.

57
Q

Hepatocyte

A

Liver cells.

58
Q

Ingestion

A

The introduction of food into the digestive tract by way of the mouth; eating.

59
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

A glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach that facilitates the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.

60
Q

Jejunum

A

The middle part of the small intestine.

61
Q

Lacteal

A

A terminal lymphatic within the intestinal villus.

62
Q

Liver

A

An organ of the digestive system that has varied and vital functions, including the production of plasma proteins, the excretion of bile; the storage of energy reserves, the detoxification of poisons, and the interconversion of nutrients.

63
Q

Lobules

A

Histologically, the basic organizational unit of the liver.

64
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing.

65
Q

Mesenteries

A

A double layer of serous membrane that supports and stabilizes the position of an organ in the abdominopelvic cavity and provides a route for the associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

66
Q

Micelles

A

A droplet with hydrophilic portions on the outside; a spherical aggregation of bile salts, monoglycerides, and fatty acids in the lumen of the intestinal tract.

67
Q

Mucosa

A

A mucous membrane; the epithelium plus the lamina propria; also called mucous membrane.

68
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

Parasympathetic motor neurons and sympathetic postganglionic fibers located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa.

69
Q

Occlusal Surface

A

The opposing surfaces of the teeth that come into contact when chewing food.

70
Q

Pancreatic Duct

A

A tubular duct that carries pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the duodenum.

71
Q

Pancreatic Juice

A

A mixture of buffers and digestive enzymes that is discharged into the duodenum under the stimulation of the enzymes secretin and cholecystokinin.

72
Q

Parotoid Glands

A

Large salivary glands that secrete saliva with high concentrations of salivary (alpha) amylase.

73
Q

Peritoneum

A

The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity.

74
Q

Pharynx

A

The throat; a muscular passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory tracts.

75
Q

Proteases

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides and amino acids.

76
Q

Pyloric Part

A

The gastric region between the body of the stomach and the duodenum; includes the muscular pylorus and the pyloric sphincter.

77
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

A ring of smooth muscle that regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum.

78
Q

Rectum

A

The inferior 15cm (6in) of the digestive tract.

79
Q

Rennin

A

A gastric enzyme that breaks down milk proteins.

80
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Behind or outside the peritoneal cavity.

81
Q

Rugae

A

Mucosal folds in the lining of the empty stomach that disappear as gastric distention occurs.

82
Q

Sigmoid Colon

A

The S-shaped region of the colon between the descending colon and the rectum.

83
Q

Small Intestine

A

The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; the digestive tract between the stomach and the large intestine.

84
Q

Submucosa

A

The region between the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa.

85
Q

Vitamins

A

An essential organic nutrient that functions as a coenzyme in vital enzymatic reactions.

Biology 201 and 202 Vocab (29 decks)

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