Chapter 26: Urinary System

Question 1

Azotemia

Answer 1

The condition characterized by excessive urea or other nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood.

Question 2

Cystocele

Answer 2

Condition that occurs when the supportive tissue between a woman’s bladder and vaginal wall weakens, stretches, and allows the bladder to bulge into the vagina.

Question 3

Cystoscopy

Answer 3

Diagnostic procedure using an optical instrument called a cystoscope that is inserted through the urethra to visually examine the bladder and lower urinary tract, to collect urine samples, or to view the prostate.

Question 4

Enuresis

Answer 4

Involuntary urination, especially that of a child while asleep.

Question 5

Nephroptosis

Answer 5

Condition in which the kidney is displaced downward form its usual and normal position; also called a floating kidney.

Question 6

Nephrotic Syndrome

Answer 6

A kidney disorder that causes one to excrete excessive protein in the urine.

Question 7

Nephrotoxin

Answer 7

A toxin that has a specific harmful effect on the kidney.

Question 8

Polysystic Kidney Disease

Answer 8

An inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.

Question 9

Shock-wave Lithotripsy

Answer 9

A noninvasive technique used to pulverize kidney stones by passing high-pressure shock waves through a water-filled tub in which a patient sits.

Question 10

Urologist

Answer 10

Physician who specializes in functions and disorders of the urinary system.

Question 11

Afferent Arterioles

Answer 11

An arteriole that carries blood to a glomerulus of the kidney.

Question 12

Countercurrent Exchange

Answer 12

The transfer of heat, water, or solutes between two fluids that travel in opposite directions.

Question 13

Countercurrent Multiplacation

Answer 13

Active transport between two limbs of a loop that contain a fluid moving in one direction in which the effect of the transport increases; responsible for the concentration of urine in the kidney tubules.

Question 14

Creatinine

Answer 14

A breakdown product of creatine metabolism.

Question 15

Detrusor

Answer 15

Collectively, the three layers of smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder.

Question 16

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Answer 16

The segment of the nephron closest to the connecting tubules and collecting duct; an important site of active secretion.

Question 17

Efferent Arteriole

Answer 17

An arteriole carrying blood away from a glomerulus of the kidney.

Question 18

Filtration

Answer 18

The movement of a fluid across a membrane whose pores restrict the passage of solutes on the basis of size.

Question 19

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Answer 19

The rate of filtrate formation at the glomerulus.

Question 20

Glomerulus

Answer 20

A knot of capillaries the projects into the enlarged, proximal end of a nephron; the site of filtration, the first step in the production of urine.

Question 21

Hilum

Answer 21

A localized region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and/or other anatomical structures are attached to an organ.

Question 22

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Answer 22

Modified smooth muscle cells between the walls of the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent and efferent arterioles adjacent to the glomerulus and the macula densa.

Question 23

Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC)

Answer 23

The macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and the juxtaglomerular cells; a complex responsible for the release of renin and erythropoietin.

Question 24

Kidneys

Answer 24

A component of the urinary system; an organ functioning in the regulation of blood composition, including the excretion of wastes and the maintenance of normal fluid and electrolyte balances.

Question 25

Micturition

Answer 25

Urination

Question 26

Nephron Loop

Answer 26

The segment of the nephron that creates the concentration gradient in the renal medulla; also called Loop of Henle.

Question 27

Nephrons

Answer 27

The basic functional unit of the kidney.

Question 28

Peritubular Capillaries

Answer 28

A network of capillaries that surrounds the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys.

Question 29

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Answer 29

The segment of the nephron between the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s Capsule) and the nephron loop; the major site of active reabsorption from filtrate.

Question 30

Renal Corpuscle

Answer 30

The initial segment of the nephron, consisting of an expanded chamber that encloses the glomerulus.

Question 31

Rugae

Answer 31

Mucosal folds in the lining of the empty stomach that disappear as gastric distension occurs; folds in the urinary bladder.

Question 32

Ureters

Answer 32

Muscular tubes, lined by transitional epithelium, that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.

Question 33

Urethra

Answer 33

A muscular tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior.