Week Seven - Chronic Illness (CVD & Obesity)

Question 1

What is CVD?

Answer 1

A broad category that involves diseases affecting heart or blood vessels

Question 2

What is CHD?

Answer 2

A disease occurring when the walls of the coronary arteries become narrowed by a gradual build-up o fatty material called atheroma

Question 3

What are the main forms of CHD?

Answer 3

Angine: pain in chest sometimes radiating down the left arm

Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI, heart attack)

Sudden cardiac death: most occurs after previous MI’s

Heart failure

Question 4

What is the leading cause of death gloally

Answer 4

CHD

Question 5

What kinds of stress has an impact on CHD onset?

Answer 5

family related and personal and work

Question 6

What are conventional predictors of CHD?

Answer 6

smoking
high cholesterol
hypertension
physical inactivity

Question 7

The prognosis of CHD is associated with which psychosocial factors?

Answer 7

Depression
social isolation
lack of quality social support

Question 8

What is the most commonly occurring disease with CHD?

Answer 8

Diabetes

Question 9

What are the effects of telehealth/medicine interventions?

Answer 9

reduced rates of mortality and hospitalisations
reduced bmi and weight
increased smoking cessation 
medication adherence 
increased quality of life

Question 10

What are the effects of smart phone interventions?

Answer 10

short to medium term of evidence of effectiveness in reducing BMI, increasing and maintaining PA and weight loss

Question 11

What are the effects of web/internet based interventions?

Answer 11

small but significant effects on health related behaviours

Question 12

Issues with ICT interventions

Answer 12

bias toward higher income people
small sample sizes
poor usability and retention
lack of implementation

Question 13

Patients with lower physical health quality of life were typically who?

Answer 13

older
unemployed
lower self-confidence
no intention to engage in PA in the next 6 months

Question 14

Patients with lower mental health quality of life were typically who?

Answer 14

younger
baseline mental health QOL
depressed
lower social support

Question 15

What does pre-surgical depression predict?

Answer 15

Cardiac hospitalisation, continued surgical plain, failure to return to previous activity and depression at six months

Question 16

What have studies compared low social support to in relation to CHD?

Answer 16

many classic risk factors such as elevated cholesterol, tobacco use and hypertension

Question 17

What is the relationship between anger/hostility and CHD?

Answer 17

Those with anger/hostility had a 58% greater risk of secondary events

Question 18

What was the main difference between those who has ‘better’ life compared to those who had ‘worse’ (CHD)?

Answer 18

those who had better recognised mortality, had stress reduction and healthier living

those who had worse had a restricted lifestyle, and loss and burden

Question 19

What do CHD interventions need to address?

Answer 19

Depression as it is typically comorbid

Question 20

What is planning?

Answer 20

A prospective sel-regulatory strategy, a mental stimulation of linking concrete responses to future situations

Question 21

What is action planning?

Answer 21

Can help initiate action by specifying when, where and how to act

synonymous with implementation intentions

Question 22

What is coping planning?

Answer 22

Can help a person to overcome obstacles and cope with difficulties by anticipating situations that put intended behaviour at risk

Question 23

Explain the relationship/benefits of action and coping plans

Answer 23

Action plans are more influential early in the rehabilitation process, where coping plans were more instrumental later on

people with higher levels of coping planning after discharge were more likely to report higher levels of exercise 4 months after discharge

Question 24

What are SMART goals?

Answer 24

Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Timely

Question 25

Relationship between smart goals and CHD?

Answer 25

Those who set SMART goals were most motivated to change

Question 26

What is the most widely method to assess a persons weight?

Answer 26

BMI

Question 27

What are the BMI classifications?

Answer 27

``` Underweight = -18.5 Normal = 18.5-24.9 Overweight = 25-29.9 Obese = 30-34.9 Severely Obese = 35-39.9 Morbidly Obese = 4-+ ```

Question 28

Where is obesity on the rise?

Answer 28

low income countries

Question 29

Why is obesity rising?

Answer 29

Due to the rising cost of food as well as food scarcity

Question 30

What are the top 3 obese countries?

Answer 30

Nauru Cook Islands Palau

Question 31

What do health programs target with obesity?

Answer 31

Healthy diet PA depression management

Question 32

What does an Obesogenic environment look like?

Answer 32

``` Sedentary lifestyle less manual labour more car use mobiles less cooking ```

Question 33

What is the pooled mean difference in weight loss as 12 months for interventions targeting obesity?

Answer 33

2.8kg

Question 34

What approaches have been effective for weight loss?

Answer 34

calorie counting dietician behaviour change techniques

Question 35

What is a big problem with weight loss programs?

Answer 35

relapse

Question 36

What psychosocial factors predict better maintenance and reduced relapse after intervention?

Answer 36

higher levels of autonomous motivation self-efficacy for coping with barriers self-regulation skills positive body image

Question 37

What incorporations do the most successful interventions have?

Answer 37

the incorporation of a multilevel approach targeting individual, social and environmental influences

Question 38

Which elements of a built environment encourage PA?

Answer 38

facility accessibility opportunities for being active safety aesthetics

Question 39

What is the Diabetes Prevention Program?

Answer 39

A comprehensive array of behavioural techniques in an individual case management by lifestyle coaches. Those who are at a high risk for T2D can prevent/delay by losing a modest amount of weight through lifestyle changes and metformin.