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patho > cardiovascular function > Flashcards

cardiovascular function Flashcards

1
Q

decreased cardiac output

A

less than normal amount of blood being pumped by the heart

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2
Q

clinical manifestations for cardiac output

A

results from the inability to maintain sufficient blood flow

  • fatigue
  • oliguria
  • cyanosis
  • fluid accumulation
  • decrease peripheral pulses
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3
Q

inflammatory and infectious disorders

A
  • pericarditis
  • endocarditis
  • myocarditis
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4
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium

  • acute: viral/trama/heart attack
  • chronic: autoimmune disease
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5
Q

pericarditis etiology

A

viral infections
trauma
Mi
autoimmune disorders

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6
Q

pathophysiology of pericarditis

A
  • inflammation –> perixardial effusion=above 75ml
  • ventrical filling reduced
  • decreased cardiac output
  • cant relax as much= blood cant come in
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7
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of endocardium

- infective of bacterial endocarditis

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8
Q

etiology of endocarditis

A

staphyloccus aureus and streptoccus entercoccus

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9
Q

patho of endocarditis

A
  • invading organism attaches to endocardium/ valve
  • platelets and fibrin deposits lead to what are known as vegetative lesions
  • vegetation grows–> damages valve leaflets
  • vegetation may become embolic- clot dislodges from place of origin in blood stream
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10
Q

risk factors of endocarditis

A
  • immunocompromised
  • artificial heart valve
  • congenital or valvular heart disease
  • iv drug use
  • gingival gum disease
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11
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of myocardium

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12
Q

myocarditis etiology

A

poorly understood

- viral, bacterial, protozoal or fungal organisms

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13
Q

patho of myocarditis

A
  • inflammation of muscle leads to muscle destruction
  • potential necrosis
  • atrophy- long time of working harder
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14
Q

valvular disorders

A
  • discruption of blood flow
  • congenital or acquired
values affected
- mitral
- aortic
- tricupsid 
- pulmonary 
(first 2 most commonly affected, left side is more muscular/ works harder)

types of alterations

  • stenosis
  • regurgitation
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15
Q

stenosis

A
  • narrowed, valve does not open completely
  • forward blood flow hindered
  • decreases cardiac output
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16
Q

regurgitation

A
  • valve does not close completely

- blood flow backs up

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17
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

enlargement of the heart muscle

etiology: acquired or inherited

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18
Q

patho of cardiomyopathy

A
  • myocardium becomes weakened
  • less effective pumping mechanism

3 types

  • dilated: heart not pumping effectively
  • hypertrophic: septum and nventricle enlarged
  • restrictive: not enlargement but stiffness/ridgity
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19
Q

heart failure

A

heart fails to pump enough blood to meet bodys oxygen/ nutrient needs

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20
Q

heart failure etiology

A
  • coronary artery disease
  • cardiomyopathy
  • hypertension
  • heart valve disorders
  • myocardial infarction
21
Q

heart failure patho

A
  • inability to fill
  • ineffective contractility
  • each ventricle pumps an equal amount of blood
  • if more than either ventricle can handle, the heart not effective pump
  • left ventricle typically weakens first
  • failure of one leads to failure of other
22
Q

left- sided heart failure

A
  • afterload: force generated by left ventricle to eject blood to the aorta through aortic valve
  • peripheral vascular resistance: pressure within aorta/arteries
  • pvr influences afterload
  • hypertension major cause
  • blood backs up from left ventricle into lungs into pulmonary circulation= flooded capillaries
  • avelora edema
23
Q

right- sided heart failure

A
  • left-sided heart failure major cause must continually pump blood against increased fluid in the pulmonary artery and lungs
  • cor pulmonale: right ventricle hypertrophies and fails due to increased pulmonary pressures
  • a backward buildup of blood systematic blood vessels
  • peripheral edema results
  • backs into body= edema, jugular vein distension
  • body can attain a liter of fluid before showing signs: weigh pt.
24
Q

compensatory mechanisms

A
  • designed to maintain cardic output
  • contribute to the cycle of heart failure

maintain cardiac output when low

  • sympathetic nervous system raises heart rate: increases cardiac oxygen needs
  • chambers enlarge (dilation)
  • muscle mass increases (hypertrophy): increases cardiac oxygen needs
25
Q

ineffective tissue perfusion

A
  • deprivation of oxygen and nutriens at cellular level
  • leads to cellular ischemia

clinical manifestations

  • pain
  • skin color
  • necorsis
26
Q

aneurysms

A

bulging, ballooning, dilation

locations

  • adominal/ aortic
  • cerebral

types:

  • fusiform:both sides
  • saccular: one side
  • dissecting: tear in first linning- blood seeps out into 2nd and 3rd layer
27
Q

dyslipidemia

A

hyperlipidemia: increase of lips in blood

normal roles of lipids:

  • formation of cell membrane
  • storage of energy
  • production of steroids
  • carrying of vitamins
  • protecting nerves/organs
  • insulation of body
28
Q

lipoprotiens

A
  • low density lipoproteins
    bad cholesterol
  • high-density lipoproteins
    good cholesterol
29
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

increase cholesterol
- common in us

leads to:

  • atherosclerosis
  • pvd
  • cad
  • htn
  • stroke
30
Q

atherosclerosis

A

thickening/ hardening of arterial walls from plaque formation
- may begin in childhood

31
Q

patho of atherosclerosis

A
  • injury to artery–> inflammation–> accumulation of lipids, platelets and clotting factors
  • scar tissue replaces normal endothelial lining
  • plaque leads to narrowing (stenosis)
32
Q

non-modifiable risk factors

A
  • age: 50+
  • gender: male
  • ethnicity: African Americans
  • genetics
33
Q

modifiable risk factors

A 
diabetes
hypertension
smoking
obesity 
sedentary lifestyle
increased serum homocysteine
increased serum iron levels
infection
depression
hyperlipidemia
excessive alcohol intake
stress
34
Q

peripheral vascular disease pvd

A

narrowing of peripheral vessels

  • arterial: perfusing fingers and toes
  • venous: veins blood pools= edema

results in decrease blood flow

35
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

obstruction of blood flow through coronary arteries typically caused by atherosclerosis

can cause:

  • angina
  • myocardial infarction
  • sudden death
36
Q

CAD prevention

A
  • non-modifiable risk factors: age and family

modify risk factors

  • tabacco use
  • obesity
  • inactivity
  • stress
  • dm
  • hld
  • htn
37
Q

myocardial infarction

A

death of heart muscle

types

  • non-st segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
  • st segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)

etiology

  • atherosclerosis: narrowing of coronary arteries
  • thrombus: embolism
  • vasospasm: constriction
38
Q

patho of MI

A
  • coronary artery blockage

- decreased cardiac blood supply

39
Q

signs and symptoms of mi

A
  • crushing viselike pain arm, shoulder, neck, jaw, back
  • shortness of breath
  • restlessness
  • dizziness, fainting
  • nauesea
  • sweating
40
Q

atypical signs of MI

A
  • abscne of classic pain
  • dyspena
  • fatigue
  • anxiety
  • impending doom
  • chest cramps
  • abdominal pain
  • indigestion
  • restlessness
  • falling
41
Q

prehospital MI

A

“time is muscle”

  • asprin
  • call 911 of 5 min of chest pain
  • do not drive
42
Q

hospital MI

A

Morphine
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin

43
Q

hypertension

A

persistently high blood pressure

  • systolic BP > 130 mmhg
  • diastolic bp > 80 mmhg
  • average of two or more readings on different dates: two weeks apart
44
Q

etiology

A

unkown

two types:
- primary- essential hypertension which is a chronic elevation of bp from an unknown cause

- secondary
known cause
- acute stress
- excessive alcohol intake
- sickle cell disease
- renal disorders
- endocrine disorders 
- neurologic
45
Q

risk factors

A

non modifiable

  • age
  • gender
  • ethnicity
  • family history

modifiable

  • alcohol
  • cigarette smoking
  • diabetes
  • obesity
  • stress
  • elevated serum lipids
  • excess dietary sodim
  • decreased kidney function
46
Q

signs/ symptoms of HTN

A

silent killer

rare:

  • headache
  • dizziness
  • blurred vision
  • angina
  • fatigue
  • dyspena
47
Q

hypertensive urgency

A
  • sever bp elevation without target organ dysfunction progression
  • relatively asymptomatic
  • oral medication
48
Q

hypertensive emergency

A
  • sbp> 180 mm hg systolic
  • dbp > 120 mm hg systolic
  • risk for progression for target organ dysfunction
  • immediate gradual reduction of bp to protect target organs

patho (24 decks)

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