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patho > endocrine ch.10 > Flashcards

endocrine ch.10 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine disorders

A

too much or too little hormone activity

  • production/ secretion
  • tissue sensitivity
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2
Q

primary disorder

A

problem within the gland itself

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3
Q

secondary disorder

A

outside of the gland

- thyroid stimulating hormone in decrease not enough throyid being told to release

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4
Q

anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone

  • dwarfism
  • acromegaly
  • larger controls other glands
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5
Q

posterior pituitary

A

antidirutetic hormone

  • syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
  • diabetes insipidus
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6
Q

growth hormone imbalance

A
  • too little: short stature

- too much: gigantism acromegaly

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7
Q

growth hormone deficiency pathology

A
  • deficient GH in childhood

- growth not affected in adults

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8
Q

growth hormone deficiency etiology

A
  • pituitary tumor
  • surgery or trauma to cranial cavity
  • failure of pituitary to develop: see it early on
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9
Q

growth hormone deficiency dwarfism clinical manifestations

A
  • grow only to 3 to 4 feet
  • slowed sexual maturation
  • may have mental retardation
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10
Q

acromegaly path

A
  • excess growth hormone in adults
  • bones grow in width, not length
  • organs and connective tissues also enlarge
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11
Q

acromegaly etiology & clinical manifestations

A

pituitary gland

clinical manifestations

  • change in shoe or ring size
  • nose, jaw, brow enlarge
  • kyphsosis
  • difficulty speaking and swallowing
  • headaches/ visual changes
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12
Q

ADH too little/too much

A

too little= diabetes insidious

too much= siadh

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13
Q

diabetes insipidus patho

A
  • insufficienct adh
  • kidneys do not reabsorb water
  • diuresis 3-15 l per day= more urine output
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14
Q

diabetes insipidus causes

A
  • pituitary tumor
  • aneurysms
  • cns infections
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15
Q

diabetes insipidus clinical manifestations

A
  • polyuria- too much urine
  • polydipsia- increase thirst
  • nocturia
  • dilute urine
  • dehydration
  • decreased loc
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16
Q

SIADH path

A
  • too much ADH
  • water retention
  • hyponatremia
  • decreased serum osmolality
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17
Q

SIADH causes

A
  • tumors
  • severe stress/ trauma
  • cerebral hemorrhage
  • diabetes insidious tx complications
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18
Q

SIADH signs and symptoms

A
  • weight gain without edema
  • dilution hyponatremia
  • concentrated urine
  • muscle cramps and weakness
  • brain swelling, seizures, death
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19
Q

thyroid hormone imbalance diseases

A

goiter
hypothroidism
hyperthyroidism

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20
Q

goiter patho

A
  • enlarged thyroid gland
  • elevated TSH
  • hyperplasia
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21
Q

goiter causes

livgg

A
  • low th
  • iodine deficiency
  • virus
  • genetic
  • goitrogens
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22
Q

hypothyroidism path

A
  • th deficiency
  • metabolic rate reduced
  • primary= not enough th
  • secondary= not enough TSH
23
Q

hypothyroidism causes

citia

A
  • congenital
  • inflammatory
  • iodine deficiency
  • thydroidectomy
  • autoimmune (hashitomots thyroiditis)
24
Q

hashitomots thyroiditis

A

attacks thyroid tissues

25
Q

hashitomots clinical manifestations

A
  • fatigue
  • bradycardia
  • consitpation
  • mental dullness
  • cold intolerance
  • hypoventilation
  • dry skin and hair
  • weight gain
  • heart failure
  • hyperlipidemia
  • myxedema
26
Q

hyperthyroidism patho

A
  • increased metabolic rate
  • increased beta receptors
  • primary: too much TH
  • secondary: too much TSH
27
Q

hyperthyroidism causes

A
  • autoimmune (graves disease)
  • goiter
  • pituitary tumor (secondary)
  • thyroid CA
  • overuse of thyroid hormones
28
Q

hyperthyroidism clinical manifestations

A

Hypermetabolic state

  • heat intolerance
  • increased appetite
  • weight loss
  • frequent stools
  • nervousness
  • tachycardia, palpitations
  • tremor
  • heart failure
  • warm smooth skin
  • exophthalmos (GRAVES DISEASE)
29
Q

parathyroid hormone diseases

A

hypoparathyroidism

hyperparathyroidism

30
Q

hypoparathyroidism patho

A
  • decrease in PTH
  • calcium stays in bones
  • hyperphosphatemia
31
Q

hypoparathyroidism causes

A
  • heredity

- accidental removal of parathyroid during thyroidectomy

32
Q

hypoparathyroidism clinical manifestations

A

tenany

  • neruomucular irritability
  • numbness and tinging of fingers and peri-oral area
  • muscle spasms
  • cardiac dysrthythmias
  • troussa sign
  • trasric sign
33
Q

hyperparathyroidism path

A
  • parathyroid overactivity
  • increased pth
  • hypercalcemia
  • hypophosphatemia
34
Q

hyperparathyroidism causes

A
  • parathyroid hyperplasia
  • benign parathyroid tumor
  • heredity
35
Q

hyperparathyroidism clinical manifestations

A
  • fatigue
  • depression
  • confusion
  • nausea and vomiting
  • kidney stones
  • joint pain
  • pathological fractures
  • dysrhythmias
  • cardiac arrest
  • coma
36
Q

adrenal medulla disorders

A

pheochromocytoma

37
Q

pheochromocytoma

A
  • tumor of chromatin cells of adrenal medulla: secreted epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • usually benign
  • causes unknown
38
Q

pheochromocytoma clinical manifestations

A
  • fight or flight
  • hypertension
  • tachycardia
  • palpitations
  • tremor
  • diaphoresis
  • anxiety
39
Q

adrenal cortex hormone imbalances

A
  • hyposecretion= addisons disease

- hypersecretion= cushings syndrome

40
Q

addisons disease patho

A
  • deficient cortisol

and or aldosterone ***
and or androgens

41
Q

addisons disease causes

paca

A
  • autoimmune: attacks adrenal cortex
  • ca
  • pituitary or hypothalamus problem
  • abrupt discontinuance or steroids: lower slowly
42
Q

addisons disease clinical manifestations

A
  • hypotension
  • sodium loss
  • potassium rentention
  • hypoglycemia
  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • bronze skin
  • nausea and vomitting
43
Q

cushings syndrome patho

A

excess adrenal cortex hormones

  • cortisol ***
  • aldosterone
  • androgens
44
Q

cushings syndrome causes

A
  • hypersecretion of acth
  • hyper secretion of cortisol
  • prolonged use of glucocorticoids
45
Q

cushings syndrome clinical manifestations

A
  • salt and water rendition
  • hypokalemia
  • thin, fragile skin
  • acne
  • facial hair in women
  • amenorrhea- menstral cycle stops
  • moon shaped face and bloated belly
46
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

glucose intolerance

  • faulty production of insulin
  • tissue insensitivey to insulin
47
Q

type 1 diabetes

A
  • IDDM, juvenile
  • 5% id diabetes cases

etiology:

  • some genetic component (10%)
  • autoimmune responses to virus

patho:

  • destruction of beta cells
  • pancreas secretes no insulin
  • more common in young, thin pt.
  • life long insulin given
48
Q

type 2 diabetes

A
  • NIDDM, adult onset
  • 95% of diabetes cases

etiology

  • large genetic component (90%)
  • obesity: have pt. loose weight and monitor diet

patho:
- decreased beta cells responsiveness to glucose

  • can be put on oral hypoglycemias
  • regulate/ keep sugars in balance
49
Q

gestational

A

pregnancy

50
Q

prediabetics

A
  • glucose intolerance

- blood sugars elevated but not diabetic

51
Q

secondary diabetes

A
  • drugs
  • pancreatic trauma
  • some other chronic illness that damages beta cells
52
Q

clinical manifestations for diabestes

A

3 P’s:

  • polyuria
  • polydispia: increased thirst
  • polyphagia: increased hunger
  • fatigue
  • blurred vision
  • infection prone
  • abdominal pain
  • headache
  • ketosis/acidosis blood sugars above 100
53
Q

diagnosing diabetes

A

glucose tests

  • fasting plasma glucose > 126 mg/dl
  • casual plasma glucose > 200 mg/dl
  • glucose tolerance test > 200 mg/dl after 2 Hr

additional test:
glychomoglobin: normal 4% to 6%

patho (24 decks)

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