musculoskeletal function ch.12

Question 1

kyphosis

Answer 1

• increase curvature of thoracic spine
• hunchback
• adolescences and adulthood

Question 2

lordosis

Answer 2

• increase inward curvature of lumbar spine
• swayback
• poor posture, obesity, pregnancy

Question 3

scoliosis

Answer 3

• lateral deviation (side to side) lumbar or thoratic

- increase in females

Question 4

fractures

Answer 4

breaks in bones

• open- break skin
• closed- does not break skin
• complete: done divided into 2 or more pieces
• incomplete: no degree of separation

Question 5

fracture cause

Answer 5

trauma

pathological

Question 6

simple fracture

Answer 6

clean break

maintain of alignment

Question 7

communuted

Answer 7

multiple fractures

Question 8

spiral

Answer 8

twist around bone shaft

Question 9

fracture healing process

Answer 9

1. clot formation at fracture site
2. fibroblast and osteoblast arrive, fibrocartilage callus forms
3. new bone forms
4. bone remodeling continues until bone intact, repair and healing completed

takes up to 4-6 weeks

Question 10

compartment syndrome

Answer 10

restriction of blood flow to one or more muscle compartment

internal pressure:
- ivf infilitration, inflammation and edema

external pressure:
- dressing or casts being too tight

Question 11

s/s of compartment syndrome

Answer 11

• serve pain unrelieved by narcotics

- decreased sensation, numbness/tingling, paleness and weakness

Question 12

fat embolism

Answer 12

• rare
• serious: 80% mortality
• small fat droplets are rebased from bone marrow into blood stream and can occur up to 72 hours after injury

Question 13

s/s of fat embolism

Answer 13

• change in mental status
• respiratory distress
• tachypnea
• crackles and wheezes

Question 14

osteomyelitis

Answer 14

• infection of bone
• prevention key
• fever, redness, heat, pain, swelling
• goes undetected

Question 15

treatment of osteomyelitis

Answer 15

• long term antibiotic theraoy: 4-6 weeks
• incisions and drainage
• amputation

Question 16

dislocations

Answer 16

• serration of two bones from where they meet joint
• complete or partial (subluxation)
• joint deformity and immobility
• result from sudden impact or pathological cause
• most common shoulder and clavicle
• immergent situation–> compression of bv and nerve endings can occur
• split it
• orthopedics will put it back

Question 17

sprain

Answer 17

injury to ligament

• stretching or tearing
• joint is forced into unnatural position
• excessive stretching from twisting movement

Question 18

strains

Answer 18

• injury to muscle tendon
• stretching or tearing
• sudden or develop over time

Question 19

PRICE

Answer 19

P: protect from further injury 
R: rest but don't avoid all activity 
I: ice to decrease pain, swelling, inflammation, 10-15 min 4x a day for first 48 hr
C: compression with elastic bandage 
E: elevating affected are

Question 20

herniated disk patho

Answer 20

• herniation of nucleus pulpsos
• compression of nerve roots
• cervial, lumbar most common

Question 21

herniated disk etiology

Answer 21

injury: poor body mechanics

- may be unknown

Question 22

osteoporosis

Answer 22

• low bone mass as bone loses density
• prone to fractures
• spine, wirst, hip Most common
• all bones affected
• imbalance remodeling process
• prevalence
• over age 50 fractures: 1 in 2 W and 1 in 4 m suffer fracture

Question 23

osteoporosis

Answer 23

hip/ vertebral fractures

• reduced quality o lie
• increased liability
• risk of death (during year after fracture)

Question 24

osteoporosis prevention

Answer 24

• build bone through age 30
• obtain adequate calcium and vitamin d
• exercise (especially childhood)
• avoid alcohol and smoking
• fractures can be life treating
• increased rate of death in first year over age 50

Question 25

osteoporosis risk factors

Answer 25

• female gender
• aging
• causcasins
• asian
• smal boned, petite
• postmenopausal status
• low testosterone and estrogen in men
• family history
• history of fractures
• low calcium intake
• low vitamin d
• excessive caffein, protein, sodium
• sedentary lifestyle
• excessive alcohol use
• cigarette smoking

Question 26

osteoarthritis

Answer 26

• degenerative joint disease

- common

Question 27

osteoarthritis patho

Answer 27

• articular cartilage/ joints bone ends deteriorate
• joint space narrows, bone spurs develop, joint inflammed
• joint deformities, pain, immobility
• weight- bearing joints

Question 28

osteoarthritis causes

Answer 28

• unknown

- risk factors: aging, obesity, excessive “wear and tear” on synovial joints

Question 29

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 29

• chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory disease
• destroys synovial joints and other connective tissues
• includes major organs

Question 30

rheumatoid arthritis patho

Answer 30

• synovitis: inflammation of lining of joint capsule
• synovium thickens, fluid accumlates
• joint deformity
• other connective tissue affected
• pain in joint during remission
• joint looses shape - decrease quality of life

Question 31

gout patho

Answer 31

• systemic connective tissue disorder
• uric acid build up
• urate crystals deposed in joints/ connective tissues
• severe inflammation

Question 32

gout cause and types

Answer 32

primary:
- inherited problem with purine metabolism

secondary
- another health problem