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patho > gi alterations > Flashcards

gi alterations Flashcards

1
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

portion of stomach protrudes upward through the opening in the diaphragm
- usually found accidentally

patho:

  • weakening of diaphragm
  • increases intrathoratic or intra abdominal pressure
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2
Q

risk factors Hiatal hernia

A
  • smokers
  • women
  • over 50
  • obesity
  • pregnancy
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3
Q

Hiatal hernia clinical manifestation

A
  • none
  • pain
  • fullness
  • reflux/ heart burn
  • epigastric discomfort: fuller longer since stomach is smaller
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4
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

chyme or bile periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus

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5
Q

patho gastroesophageal reflux

A
  • gastic secretions reflux into esophagus
  • esophaguses damaged
  • lower esophageal spincter does not close tightly
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6
Q

gastroesophageal reflux risk factors

A
  • foods (chocolate, citrus fruit, spicy or fatty foods)
  • beverages (caffeine, carbonated beverages, alcohol)
  • medical conditions (hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy)
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7
Q

gastroesophageal reflux clinical manifestations

A
  • heartburn or epigastric pain
  • dysphagia
  • sensation of a lump in throat
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8
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of stomach mucosa

patho
- mucosal inning of stomach is broken down

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9
Q

gastritis risk factors

A 
alcohol
NSAIDS
stress
autoimmune conditions 
h. pylori
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10
Q

gastritis clinical manifestations

A
  • indegestion/ heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, N/V, anorexia, fever and malaise
  • hemamesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulcerations and bleeding
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11
Q

gastroenteritis

A
  • inflammation of the stomach and intestines

patho:

  • bacterial- H.pylori
  • viral- norovirus: spreads on cruise ships
  • allergic reactions: food allergies
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12
Q

gastroenteritis risk factors

A
  • contaminated food/water

- contact w infected person

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13
Q

gastroenteritis clinical manifestations

A
  • same as gastritis: indegestion/ heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, N/V, anorexia, fever and malaise
  • hemamesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulcerations and bleeding
  • diarrhea
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14
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)`

A
  • erosion of linning of stomach duodenum or esophagus
  • named based on where they are occurring

patho:

  • increase acid production
  • decrease mucous production
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15
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD) risk factors

A

NSAIDS, H. pylori, stress, smoking, alcohol, family hx

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16
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD): duodenal ulcers

A
  • excessive acid or h. pylori infection

- epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food

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17
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD): gastric ulcers

A
  • less frequent but more deadly
  • typically associated with malignancy and NSAIDS
  • pain is typically worsens with eating
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18
Q

oral cancer

A
  • ca in the mouth

risk factors:

  • tobacco use
  • alcohol
  • hpv infection (older adult generation)

clinical manifestations

  • painless oral sore- delays treatment
  • difficultly chewing
  • swallowing speaking
  • brushing teeth
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19
Q

esophageal cancer

A
  • Ca of esophagus

risk factors

  • tobacco use
  • alcohol
  • barrets esophagus: precancerous change at cells;ar level. tissue in esophagus changes

clinical manifestations

  • asymptomatic
  • painful and difficulty swallowing: as tumor grows
  • wt. loss
  • halitosis: bad breath
  • stridor
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20
Q

gastric cancer

A
  • ca of stomach

risk factors

  • h. pylori
  • autoimmune gastritis
  • smoking
  • fiber diet

clinical manifestations

  • abd pain
  • melena
  • belching
  • n/v
  • anorexia
  • hematemesis
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21
Q

intestinal obstruction

A
  • flow of intestinal contentes is blocked
  • sbo: small bowel obstruction
  • lbo: large bowel obstruction

mechanical:

  • blockage occurs within the intestine
  • tumor adhesion
  • as a result of something putting pressure

non- mechanical

  • peristalsis is impaired
  • partial or complete
22
Q

intestinal obstruction clinical manifestations

A
  • abdominal pain
  • blood and mucus per rectum
  • feces and flatus cease
  • fecal committing may occur
  • bowel sounds high pitched/ tinkling or absent
  • abdominal distention
  • fluid/ electrolyte imbalance
23
Q

appendicitis’s

A

inflammation of appendix

patho

  • infection triggers localized edema
  • fluid builds inside the appendix
  • appendix fills with purulent exudate
  • pressure inside the appendix escalates causing reputure
24
Q

appendicitis’s clinical manifestations

A
  • fever
  • pain
  • n/v
  • anorexia
  • pressure make it better
  • check for rebound tenderness
25
Q

peritonitis

A
  • inflammation of infection of peritoneal cavity
  • system wide infection
  • thick sticky exudate that bonds nearby structures and temporally seals them off
  • peristalsis may slow down in a response to the inflammation, decreasing spread of toxins, bacteria
26
Q

peritonitis signs and symptoms

A
  • abdominal pain
  • abdominal rigidity
  • nausea/ vomiting
  • fever

need antibiotic iv fluid

27
Q

chrons

A

inflammatory bowel disease

  • any part of the intestine
  • remissions and exacerbations
  • slow developing often develops in adolescence
  • intestinal wall a cobblestone appearance
  • decreased ability to digest and absorb

etiology

  • unknown
  • hereditary
28
Q

chrons clinical manifestation

A
  • abdominal pain or cramping
  • weight loss
  • diarreha
  • fluid and electrolyte imbalance
29
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

inflammatory bowel disease

  • progressive conditon: more serve autoimmune
  • usually develops in 20s- 30s
  • inflammation causes epithelium loss, surface erosion, and ulceration
  • affects large intestines and rectum
30
Q

ulcerative colitis clinical manifestations

A
  • ab pain
  • 5 to 20 stools daily, 30-40 times
  • rectal bleeding
  • fecal urgency
  • anorexia and weight loss
  • cramping
  • dehydration
  • difficultly maintaining jobs/ school
31
Q

diverticular disease

A

diverticulum=1

  • out pouching of bowel mucous membrane
  • happens as a result of bowel weakening from low fiber diet and poor bowel habits such as chronic constipation

diverticulosis- does not cause symptoms
- multiple diverticula

diverticulitis- something lodged in hole
- inflammation/ infection of diverticulum

32
Q

diverticular disease

A
  • diarrhea/ constipation

- cramps/llq pain: comes and goes

33
Q

colorectal cancer

A

cancer or large intestines or recum

etiology

  • lack of dietary fiber
  • ulcerative colitis
  • family hx

clinical manifestations

  • change in bowel habits
  • blood or mucous in stools
  • abdominal or rectal pain
  • weight loss
  • anemia
  • obstruction
  • reastomic- put colon back together
34
Q

gallbladder disorders:

  • cholecystitis
  • cholelithiasis
  • choledocholithiasis
A

three disorders
- cholecystitis- inflammation of galbladder
- cholelithiasis- stones
- choledocholithiasis- stones in CBD- common bile duct
(first two happen independtly)

35
Q

gallbladder disorders risk factors

A
  • age
  • obesity
  • diet (increase fat, increase cholesterol, decrease fiber)
  • pregnancy: after delivery= change in nutritional status
  • chronic diseases (of hypatbillary system)
36
Q

gallbladder disorders clinical manifestations

A
  • biliary colic- specific pain in RUQ radiates to shoulders and back after fatty meal
  • RUQ pain
  • n/v

when stone lodged:

  • jaundice
  • chronic disease
37
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of live

etiology

  • viral or bacterial infections
  • drugs
  • alcohol
  • hepatotoxic drugs
  • metabolic/ vascular disorders
38
Q

hepatitis types

A
  • HAV- most common transmitted tru frcal oral route
  • HBC- transited thru blood, sexually transmited fluids: blood, stool, urine, saliva
  • HCV- transmitted thru blood, Iv drug use (not really seen anymore) use to associated with blood tranfusions
  • HDV- extremely rare
  • HEV- extremely rare
39
Q

hepatitis prevention

A
  • hand hygiene

- vaccines: hav, hbc

40
Q

hepatitis symtoms

A

prodromal stage: 1 week
- flu like symptoms: 1 week

icteric stage: 2 to 6 weeks
- jaundice, worsening symptoms

convalescent: 2 to 6 weeks
- returning to normal liver function

(don’t need to know)

41
Q

cirrhosis

A

progressive, irreversible replacement of healthy tissue with scar tissue
- 12th leading cause of death in US

42
Q

cirrhosis etiology

A
  • chronic alcohol use- most common
  • hepatotoxins drugs
  • hepatitis- left untreated
  • gallbladder obstruction- prolonged
  • heart failure
43
Q

cirrhosis patho

A
  • inflammation of liver cells
  • infiltration with fat and wbc
  • fibrotic scar tissue replacements liver tissue
  • abnormal regeneration
  • impaired liver blood flow and function
44
Q

cirrhosis complication

A
  • clotting defects
  • encephalopathy: elevation of ammonia
    portal hypertension
  • varices: enlarged vessels- risk for rapture: coughing/ vomitting can cause repture
  • ascites: fluid accumulation in addomen: fluid not being held in vascular system
45
Q

pancreatitis

A

acute or chronic inflammation of pancreas

patho:

  • autodigestion: pancreatic enzymes
  • pancreatic tissue is replacement by fibrosis: dysfunction of the islets of langerhans: exocrine and endocrine change
46
Q

pancreatitis etiology

A

alcohol
biliary disease
trauma
certain drugs

47
Q

pancreatitis manifestations of acute pancreatitis

A
  • sudden and severe
  • upper abd pain worsens after eating g
  • nausea and vomiting
  • mild jaundice
  • low grade fever
  • blood pressure and pulse changes
48
Q

pancreatitis manifestations of chronic pancreatitis

A
  • upper ab pain
  • ingestion
  • losing weight without trying
  • steatorrhea- oily/ fatty stool (floating poop)
  • constipation
  • flatulence
49
Q

liver cancer

A

ca of the liver
- commonly occurs as secondary tumor

risk factors

  • chronic hepatitis
  • alcoholism
  • hepatotoxins

clinical manifestations
- similar to hepatitis and cirrhosis

50
Q

pancreatic cancers

A

ca of the pancreases
- metasiszes quickly

risk factors

  • smoking
  • obesity
  • dm
  • pancreatitis
  • alcoholism
  • diet increase red meat

clinical manifestations

  • weight loss
  • abd pain
  • n/v anorexia
  • jaundice

patho (24 decks)

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