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patho > nervous function ch.11 > Flashcards

nervous function ch.11 Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A
  • receives and reacts to environmental stimulation o a physiologic and cognitive level
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2
Q

nervous system consist of:

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

brain

spinal cord

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves

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5
Q

understanding nervous conditions

A
  • complex

alternations may result in

  • impaired physical mobility
  • chronic pain
  • impaired social interaction
  • altered through process
  • incontinence
  • risk for injury
  • self-care deficit
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6
Q

infectious neurologic disorders

A

meningitis

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7
Q

traumatic neurologic disorders

A

brain injuries
spinal cord injuries
increased intracranial pressure

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8
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space results in infection
- css may also become affected

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9
Q

meningitis causes

A

bacteria, virus, tumors, and allergens

  • infection or irritant triggers the inflammatory process, leading to swelling of the meninges and increased icp
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10
Q

meningitis risk factors

A
  • younger than 25
  • living in a community setting
  • pregnancy
  • working with animals
  • immunodeficiency
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11
Q

two types of meningitis

A

self limiting

life threatening

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12
Q

meningitis complications

A

permanent neurologic damage, seizures, hearing loss, blindness, speech difficulties, learning disabilities, behavior problems, parlysis, acute renal failure, adrenal gland failure, cerebral edema, shock, and death

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13
Q

meningitis manifestations

A
  • severe headache***
  • stiff neck **
  • opisthotonos ***
  • abnormal posture= ridigity arch **
  • fever, chills, mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, agitation, bulging fontanelle, decreased consciousness, poor feeding, irritability in children, tachypnea, tachycardia, rash
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14
Q

meningitis diagnosis

A
  • history
  • physical examination
  • throat cultures
  • lumbar puncture with css
  • polymerase chain reaction test
  • head computed tomography
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15
Q

meningitis treatment

A 
antibiotics (if bacterial)
corticosteroids
antivirals
hydration
fever management 
vaccinations
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16
Q

traumatic brain injuries (TBI)

A
  • usually caused by sudden and violent blow or just to the head (closed injury) or a penetrating (open injury) head wound that disrupts the normal brain function
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17
Q

traumatic brain injuries (TBI) can

A

brush the brain
damage nerve fibers
cause hemmorrhaging

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18
Q

traumatic brain injuries (TBI) causes

A 
falls
being struct by against an object
motor vehicle accidents
sports acitvies
intestinal self harm
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19
Q

traumatic brain injuries (TBI) conditions associated with closed tbi

A

concussion: momentary interruption of brain function
- usually results from a mild blow to the head that causes sudden movement of the brain, disrupting neurologic functioning
- may or may not lead to a loss of consciousness
- amnesia, confusion, sleep disturbances, and headaches may occur for weeks or months

cerebral contusion: bruising of the brain

  • most often results from a blunt blow that causes the brain to make a sudden impact with the skull
    coup: initial area where the brain the skull
    contrecoup: opposite side of brain where it rebounds and impacts the skull
  • varies in severity depending on the extent of damage and the amount of bleeding
  • residual effects depend on severity
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20
Q

Glasgow coma scale (Eye opening)

A
  • spontaneous: 4
  • to sound: 3
  • to pain: 2
  • Never: 1
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21
Q

Glasgow coma scale ( motor response)

A
  • obeys commands:6
  • localizes pain: 5
  • normal flexion: 4 (withdraws)
  • abnormal flexion: 3
  • extension: 2
  • Nil:0
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22
Q

Glasgow coma scale ( verbal response)

A
  • oriented: 5
  • confused conversation:4
  • inappropriate words: 3
  • incomprehensive sounds: 2
  • none:1
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23
Q

Glasgow coma scale highest score and lowest score

A

highest 15

lowest 3

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24
Q

increased intracranial pressure

A
  • increased volume in the cranial cavity
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25
Q

increased intracranial pressure causes

A
  • traumatic brain injury
  • tumor
  • hydrocephalus
  • cerebral edema
  • hemorrhage
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26
Q

spina cord injuries

A

results from direct injury to the spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues, BV

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27
Q

spinal cord injuries causes

A
  • motor vehcial accidents
  • falls
  • violence
  • sports injuries
  • weakening vertebral structures

ex) rheumatoid arthirtis or osteoporosis

  • direct damage can occur if the spinal cord is pulled, pressed sideways, or compressed
  • this damage may occur if the head, neck,, back twists abnormally during an accident or injury
28
Q

spinal cord injuries cervical injuries manifestations

A
  • affect both the upper and lower extremities and include breathing difficulties, loss of normal bowel and bladder control, paresthesia, sensory changes, spasticity, pain, weakness, paralysis, blood, pressure instability, temperature, fluctuations, and diaphoresis
29
Q

spinal cord injuries thoracic injuries manifestations

A
  • affect the lower extremities can be the same as those for cervical injuries
30
Q

spinal cord injuries lumbar sacral injuries

A

can affect the lower extremities in varying degrees; manifestations are similar to those of cervical injuries, with the exception of breathing difficulties

31
Q

transient ischemic attack

A
  • temporary episode of cerebral ischemia that results in the symptoms of neurologic deficits
  • also called ministries because these neurologic deficits mimic a cerebrovascuale accident (CVA) or stroke except that these deficits resolve within 24 hours (1-2 hours in most cases)
  • may occur singly or in a series
32
Q

transient ischemic attack warning signs

A

warning sign that a cva may be impending; however, not all cvas are preceded by tia
- 1&3 people experienceing a tia eventually have a stroke hold occur within the year

33
Q

transient ischemic attack can occur

A

because of a cerebral artery occlusion, cerebral artery narrowing, cerebral artery injury

34
Q

transient ischemic attack additional risk factors

A
  • migranes
  • smoking
  • diabestes mellitus, advancing age
  • inadequate nutrition, hypercholesterolemia, oral contraceptive usage, excessive alcohol combustion, illicit drug use
35
Q

transient ischemic attack complications

A

permanent brain damage
injury from falls
cva`

36
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

stroke

  • an interruption of cerebral blood supply
  • ischemic damage is permanent
37
Q

cerebrovascular accident causes

A

total vessel occlusion

cerebral vessel rupture

38
Q

cerebrovascular accident major types

A
  • ischemic strokes are most common

- hemorrhagic stroke are most fatal

39
Q

cerebrovascular accident complications

A

neurologic deficits and death

40
Q

cerebrovascular accident most common in

A

african americans and those living in the south east region

41
Q

cerebrovascular accident additional risk factors

A 
physical inactivity 
phychosocial stress
obesity 
hypertension
smoking
dyslipidemia
diabetes mellitus
atherosclerosis 
oral contraceptive usage 
excessive alcohol combustion 
illicit drug use
advancing age
42
Q

cerebrovascular accident treatment

A
  • requires promt treatment to minimize brain damage
  • determining whether the cva ischemic or hemorrhagic on origin prior to treatment
  • treatment should be delivered within 3 hours of symptom onset
43
Q

seizure disorder

A

transient physical or behavior alteration the results from an abnormal activity in the brain

44
Q

seizure disorder causes

A

altered membrane ion channels

  • altered extracellular electrolytes
  • imbalance excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
  • can occur secondary to trauma, hypoglycemia, electrolyte disorders, acidosis, infections, fever chemical ingestion, cerebral ischemia or hypoxia
45
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic disorder characterized by recurrent improvised seizure activity, may be inherits result of brain or cns irritation

46
Q

focal seizure

A

patrias seizure

  • occurs in just one part of the brain
  • carries depending on the area of the brain affected
  • usually last just a few seconds
  • some people may experience auras (unusual sensation just prior to an impending seizure) that are actually simple focal seizures in which the person maintains consciousness
  • characterics tend to be similar with ever seizure
  • easily be confused with other disorders (migrants headaches, narcolepsy, syncope, syncope, and psychiatric disorders)
47
Q

generalized seizures

A

abnormal neuronal activity on both side of the brain

- may cause loss of consciousness, falls, or massive muscle spasms

48
Q

generalized seizures treatment

A
  • during a seizure, portion the individual on his or her side, protect head, do not force items in between their teeth, do not restrain the individual, manage airway, oxygen therapy, muscle relaxants, anti seizures agnates, and allow to sleep following the seizure
  • for epilepsy: anti seizure agents, surgical resection or transaction, wear a medical-alert bracelet, and advoid precipitating factors (sleep deprivation, alcohol, illicit drugs, and excessive stimuli )
49
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • progressive condition involving the destruction of the substantial nimra in the brain
  • results in a lack of dopamine
  • approximately 80% of the dopamine- producing cells are destroyed, movement issues that typically include tremors (involuntary shaking) of the hands and head develop
  • tremors may disappear or decrease when the body part is moved intentionally
50
Q

parkinsons cause

A

unknown

more common in men and those living in rural areas

51
Q

parkinsons symtoms

A

tremor
rigidity
bradykinesia

52
Q

parkinsons diagnosis

A

history, physical examination (including neurologic assessment) and other test to rule out other conitons

53
Q

parkinsons treatment

A

no cure
medications (levodopa, dopamine agonists, and monoamine oxidase b, inhibitors)
- deep brain stimulation
- physical and occupational therapy along with assertive devices
- coping strategies, support, proper nutrition, and adequate rest can promotr and maintain overall health

54
Q

dementia

A

group of conditions in which cortical function is decreased, impairing cognitive skills, and motor coordination

  • issues with memory are common and include short term memory losses as well as confusion about historic events
  • behavioral and personailtity changes interfere with relationships, work, and activites of daily living
55
Q

dementia causes

A

vascular disease, infections, toxins, and genetic condition

56
Q

dementia types

A

alzheimer disease , vascular dementia, dementia with levy bodies, frototemproal dementia, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, and aids dementia complex

57
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A
  • most common form of dementia

- brain misses degenerates and atrophies, causing a steady decline in memory and mental abilities

58
Q

alzheimer’s disease etiology

A
  • amyloid plaques mix with a collection of additional proteins, neuron remnants, and other nerve cell pieces
  • neurofibrillary tangles: abnormal collections of a protein called tau that clumps together
  • connections between neurons responsible for memory and learning are lost; neurons cannot survive when their connections to other neurons are lost
59
Q

alzheimer’s disease risk factors

A
  • not a normal part of normal aging, but risk increase with age
  • rates are higher in women
  • rates may be higher in those persons with less education for unknown reasons
  • family history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and history of traumatic brain injury
  • prevalence and mortality rates are on the rise
60
Q

alzheimer’s disease complications

A

infections, injuries related to alls, malnutrition, dehydration, and decubitus ulcers

61
Q

alzheimer’s disease manifestations

A
  • insidious onset
  • course may extend 10-20 years
  • memory loss, problems with abstract thinking, difficulty finding the right word to express throughts or even follow conversations, difficulty reading and writing, disorientation, loss of judgment, difficulty performing familiar takes, personailott changes, hallucinations, and incontinece of bowel or bladder
62
Q

brain tumors

A
  • may be malignant or benign
  • can be life- threatening due to increased ICP and difficulty accessing
  • may be primary but most are secondary tumors (most commonly breast cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, and sarcoma
63
Q

brain tumor manifestations

A

vary depending on size and location

include:

  • new onset or change in pattern of headaches
  • headaches of increasing frequency and severity
  • inexplaimined neausea or vomiting
  • vision problems
  • gradual loss of sensation or movement in an extremity
  • balance difficulties
  • speech difficulties
  • confusion
  • hearing probelms
  • hormonal disorders
64
Q

brain tumor diagnosis

A

history, physical examination, head magnetic resonance imaging, biopsy, other test to determine cancer histology

65
Q

brain tumor treatment

A
  • depends on size and location
  • surgical, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapies. rehabilitation including physical, occupational, and speech threay

patho (24 decks)

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