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From Flashcardlet > A CH 24 Digestive > Flashcards

A CH 24 Digestive Flashcards

0
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of molecules into the blood and lymph

Passive and active

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1
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food into molecules small enough to enter body

Mechanical and chemical(enzymatic)

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2
Q

Organs of the gi tract

A 
Alimentary canal 
Mouth 
Esophagus 
Small intestine 
Pharynx 
Stomach 
Large intestine
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3
Q

Accessory organs of gi tract

A 
Teeth 
Tongue
Salivary glands 
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
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4
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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5
Q

Submucosa

A

Areolar connective tissues
Blood vessels and glands
Submucosal plexus (meissner)

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6
Q

Muscularis externa

A 
Inner circular muscle 
Myenteric plexus (plexus of auerbach) 
Outer longitudinal muscle
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7
Q

Serosa or adventitia

A

Conenctive tissue

Mesothelium

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8
Q

Peritoneum

A

Largest serous membrane in the body

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9
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Lines wall of Abdominopelvic cavity

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10
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Covers organs in the cavity

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11
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Potential space

Ascities- fluid buildup in the space

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12
Q

Mesentery

A

Holds intestines together and attaches them to the posterior body wall

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13
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Attaches liver to the anterior abdominal wall

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14
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver

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15
Q

Mesocolon

A

Binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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16
Q

Greater omentum

A

Drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine

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17
Q

Mouth

A

Where digestion begins

Mechanical (teeth) and enzymatic (CHO & lipid)

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18
Q

Cheeks

A

Forms lateral wall of oral cavity

Keeps food in mouth

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19
Q

Uvula

A

Prevents swallowed food from entering nasal cavity

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20
Q

Oral vestibule

A

Space between the cheeks, lips, gums, and teeth

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21
Q

Superior labial frenulum

A

Attaches superior lip to gum

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22
Q

Inferior labial frenulum

A

Attaches inferior lip to gum

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23
Q

Hard palate

A

Formed by maxilla and palatine bones and is covered by a mucous membrane
Forms most of the roof of the mouth

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24
Q

Soft palate

A

Arch shaped muscular partition between oropharynx and nasopharynx
Forms rest of the mouths roof

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25
Q

Tongue and taste buds

A 
Skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane 
Papillae- projections of lamina propria 
Filiform - no taste buds 
Fungiform- have some tastebuds
Circumvallate - covered in taste buds 
Sour, salty, bitter, umami, sweet
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26
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva as an exocrine gland

99.5% water 0.5% solutes

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27
Q

Breakdown of 0.5% solutes

A

Ions Na+, K+, Cl+, bicarbonate
Dissolved organics- urea, albumen, globulin, mucus
Digestive enzymes- salivary amylase and lingual lipase

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28
Q

Parotid glands

A

Duct empties by upper molar

Controlled by buccinator muscle

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29
Q

Submandibular glands

A

Empties near lingual frenulum

Gleeking- some people can spit out of it

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30
Q

Sublingual glands

A

Empties under tongue

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31
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Plays a minor role in the breakdown of starch in the mouth into maltose, maltotriose, and dextrins

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32
Q

Crown

A

Above gumline

Covered by enamel

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33
Q

Neck

A

Junction between crown and root

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34
Q

Root

A

Embedded in bone

35
Q

Enamel (crown)

A

Calcium phosphate
Calcium carbonate
Hardest substance in body (95% ca++ salts)

36
Q

Dentin

A

Harder than bone

70% ca++ salts

37
Q

Cementum (root)

A

Attaches to preiodontal ligament

38
Q

Two dentitions

A

Deciduous (primary) baby teeth 6-32 months

Permanent (secondary) adult teeth 6-20 years

39
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube to connect mouth to stomach
Stratified squamous epithelium
Adventitia - superficial layer

40
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter

A

Skeletal muscle
Allows food to enter esophagus
Note esophagus had no digestive enzymes

41
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

Sphincter that allows food from esophagus into stomach

Also keeps gastric juices in stomach

42
Q

Peristalsis

A

How food is pushed through the esophagus

Involuntary coordinated contractions and relaxations of circular and longitudinal Muscularis

43
Q

Bolus

A

After tongue and teeth grind food it is reduced to a soft flexible mass called bolus

44
Q

Cardia

A

Surrounds opening of the esophagus into the stomach

45
Q

Fundus

A

Superior and to the left of the cardia

46
Q

Body

A

Inferior to fundus

Large central portion of stomach

47
Q

Pyloric antrum

A

Connects to body of the stomach

48
Q

Pyloric canal and pylorus

A

Leads to the third region which is the pylorus which connects to the duodenum

49
Q

Stomach histology

A 
Has gastric pits and gastric glands where secretions flow into the lumen of the stomach 
Has three layers in muscularis externa: 
Inner oblique 
Middle circular 
Outer longitudinal
50
Q

Surface mucous cells

A

In gastric pits

Secrete mucous

51
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

In gastric glands

Absorption (small quantity of water, ions, some drugs)

52
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid
Secretes intrinsic factor

Kills microbes in food, denatures proteins, coverts pepsinogen into pepsin

53
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen
Secretes gastric lipase

Breaks down proteins into peptides

54
Q

G cells

A

Secrete gastrin

55
Q

Pancreas

A

Retroperitoneal gland

Conveys secretion to the duodenum

56
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

Duct in the pancreas that leads to duodenum

57
Q

Hepatopancratic ampulla

A

Opens onto the duodenal mucosa

The pancreatic duct enters this duct

58
Q

Acini cells

A

Glandular epithelia cells
Exocrine portion of the pancreas
Secrete mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice

59
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

Remaining 1% of cells
Endocrine portion
Secrete hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide

60
Q

Acininar cells and ductal cells

What do they secrete

A

A - secrete digestive enzymes

d- secrete bicarbonate

61
Q

Liver functions

A

Carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism
Processing of drugs and hormones
Activation of vitamin D
Phagocytosis

62
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Divides the left and right lobes of the liver

63
Q

Caudate and quadrate lobe

A

Belong to the left lobe of the pancreas

64
Q

Biliary system

A

Left and right hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Common bile duct

65
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile

66
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Major functional cells of liver
80% of volume of liver
Perform a wide variety of metabolic secretory, and endocrine functions
Secrete bile

67
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

Blood capillaries between hepatic laminae receive oxygenated blood from branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
Converge and deliver blood into central vein

68
Q

Hepatic lobule

A

Shaped like a hexagon
Has portal triad
Surrounded by thick connective tissue

69
Q

Portal triad

A

Bile duct, branch of hepatic artery, branch of hepatic vein

70
Q

Portal lobule

A

Bile secretion

71
Q

Hepatic acinus

A

Structural and functional units of the liver

72
Q

Gallbladder histology

A

Simple columnar epithelium

Has smooth muscle fibers

73
Q

Blood supply to liver

A 
Nutrient rich deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein 
Liver sinusoids 
Central vein 
Hepatic vein 
Inferior vena cava 
Right atrium of heart
74
Q

Duodenum

A 
First part of Small intestine 
Means twelve (as long as the width of 12 fingers, 10 inches) 
Retroperitoneal
75
Q

Jejunum

A

Means empty
It is found empty in death
3 feet

76
Q

Ileum

A

Means twisted

6 feet long

77
Q

Small intestine

A

Begins at pyloric sphincter of stomach and opens in large intestine
Where most absorption and digestion take place
10 ft in living person and 21 ft in cadaver due to loss of smooth muscle tone

78
Q

Circular folds

A

Folds in mucosa and submucosa

Enhance absorption by increasing surface area and causes chyme to spiral

79
Q

Villi

A

Fingerlike projections of mucosa
Increases surface area
Gives velvety appearance

80
Q

Microvilli

A

Projections of apical membrane

Increases surface area

81
Q

Intestinal juice

A

A clear yellow fluid about one to two liters of it
Ph of 7.6
Together with pancreatic juice it provides a vehicle for absorption of substance from chyme as they come in contact with villi

82
Q

Small intestine histology mucosa

A

Composed of simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria which is areolar connective tissue and Muscularis mucosae
Goblet cells, absorptive and paneth

83
Q

Small intestine

Submucosa

A

Duodenum

Has duodenal glands that secretes alkaline mucous which neutralizes gastric acid in chyme

84
Q

Parts of large intestine

A 
Cecum - blind pouch 
Ascending colon - retroperitoneal 
Transverse colon 
Descending colon - retroperitoneal 
Sigmoid colon 
Rectum 
Anal canal
85
Q

Large intestine functions

A

Has many goblet cells
Absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins
Defecation
Last stages of chemical digestion
Mechanical movements - haustral churning, peristalsis, mass peristalsis

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