A CH 3 Tissues

Question 0

Connective tissue

Answer 0

Highly variable

Most abundant tissue type

Question 1

Epithelial tissues

Answer 1

Covering and lining

Glandular

Question 2

Muscular tissue

Answer 2

3 major types (smooth, muscle, cardiac)

Produce force through contraction

Question 3

Nervous tissue

Answer 3

Generate electrical signals

Coordinate body activities

Question 4

Tight Junctions

Answer 4

Fluid tight seals
Consists of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells
Found in cells of epithelial tissue that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder
they inhibit the passageway of substances leaking across cells, blood, or surrounding tissues

Question 5

Anchoring junctions

Answer 5

plaque proteins
adherins
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes

Question 6

Adherens junction

Answer 6

contain plaque a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins join the cells
Each cadherin inserts into the plaque from the opposite side, partially crosses the intracellular space and connects to the adherin of an adjacent cell
often form extensive zones in epithelial cells called adhesion belts
they help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activates as when food moves through the intestines,

Question 7

Desmosomes

Answer 7

Contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (caherins) that extend into intracellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach to another one
However unlike adherens the plaque does not attach to microfilaments instead it attaches to elements of the cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments consisting of keratin
common among cells of the epidermis ad among cardiac muscle cells
prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and contraction

Question 8

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 8

Do not link adjacent cells
they look like half of a desmosomes
the transmembrane glycoproteins are called integrins rather than cadherins
on the inside of the plasma membrane integrins attach to intermediate filaments made of the protein keratin
On the outside of the plasma membrane the integrins attach to the protein laminin which is present in the basement membrane
therefore they anchor cells not to each other but to the basement membrane

Question 9

Gap Junctions

Answer 9

Membrane proteins called connexins from tiny fluid filled membrane tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells
separated by very narrow intercellular gap
through the connexons, ions and small molecules can diffuse from the cytosol of one cell to another, but not the passage of large molecules
allow cells to communicate with one another
Found in lens and cornea of eye, developing embryo and heart, gastrointestinal tract and uterus
Enable nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells

Question 10

Epithelial Tissue General Features

Answer 10

Closely packed cells 
Continuous sheets 
Apical and Basal surfaces
Many cell junctions
Avascular 
Basement membrane 
Good nerve supply
Regenerates easily and faster than any other tissue

Question 11

Simple Squamous Epithelial

Answer 11

Single layer of cells, centrally located nucleus that is flattened
Found in cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, (this is known as endothelium)
Serous membrane, such as peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium is known as mesothelium
It is also found in the air sacs of lungs and capsule of kidneys
Function filtration, diffusion and secretion
not found where we have mechanical stress

Question 12

Simple cuboidal epithelial

Answer 12

Location: covers the surface of ovary, lines the anterior surface of capsule if the lens of the eye, lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands
Function is secretion and absorption

Question 13

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelial

Answer 13

Has microvilli and goblet cells
Location: lines the gastrointestinal tract, ducts of many glands, and gallbladder
Function: secretion and absorption at a higher level than cuboidal
Secretes a lot of mucus

Question 14

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Answer 14

Location: lines some bronchioles of respiratory tract, uterine tubes, uterus
Function: the cilia moves in unison to move things towards the throat where they can be coughed out or spit out

Question 15

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 15

Can either be ciliated or not
Location: ciliated lines the airways of most the upper respiratory tract
Nonciliated lines larger ducts of many glands, epidermis and part of the male urethra
Function: ciliated secretes mucus that traps foreign particles
Nonciliated absorption and secretion

Question 16

Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 16

Keratinized or nonkeratinized
Location: keratinized forms superficial layer of the skin
Nonkeratinized lines wet surfaces such as the lining of the mouth esophagus part of the epiglottis part of he pharynx vagina and overs the tongue
Function first line of defense, protection against abrasion, water loss, ultra violet radiation and foreign invaders

Question 17

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Answer 17

Location: ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of the urethra
Function: protection and limited secretion and absorption

Question 18

Stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 18

.

Question 19

Transitional epithelium

Answer 19

Location: lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra
Function: it allows the urinary organs to stretch to hold a variable amount of fluid without rupturing, while still serving as a protective lining

Question 20

Unicellular glands

Answer 20

Example is a goblet cell

They secrete mucus directly onto the apical surface of a lining epithelium

Question 21

Multicellular glands

Answer 21

Most exocrine glands
Composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ
Examples are sudoriferous, sebaceous and salivary glands
If the duct is branched it is a compound gland if it’s not its a simple gland

Question 22

Endocrine glands

Answer 22

Go directly into the blood stream without flowing through a duct
Location: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries
Function: hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis.

Question 23

Exocrine glands

Answer 23

Releas their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium such as the skin surface or the lumen of a hollow organ
Location: sweat, oil, earwax glands of the skin; digestive gland, pancreas.
Function: produce substances such as sweat, oil, earwax, saliva or digestive enzymes

Question 24

Mucous membrane

Answer 24

Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior

Question 25

Serous membranes

Answer 25

Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior

Question 26

Cutaneous

Answer 26

Skin

Question 27

Synovial membrane

Answer 27

Lack epithelium | Line joint cavities

Question 28

General features of connective tissues

Answer 28

Basic elements: cells and matrix Matrix is usually secreted by cells (except blood) Not occurring on free surfaces (except joint cavities) Good nerve supply (expect cartilage) Good blood supply (except cartilage)

Question 29

Fibroblasts

Answer 29

Are large flat calls with branching Present in all general connective tissue Secretes fibers and certain components of the ground substance of the extracellular matrix

Question 30

Blasts

Answer 30

Immature cells that are Mitotic (will divide)

Question 31

Cytes

Answer 31

Mature, loose Mitotic ability. | Example adipocyte and osteocyte

Question 32

Macrophages

Answer 32

Develop from monocytes | They engulf bacteria through phagocytosis

Question 33

Plasma cells

Answer 33

Develop from the WBC called a b lymphocyte | Secrete antibodies

Question 34

Mast cells

Answer 34

Inflammatory response | They produce histamine which dilates small blood vessels

Question 35

Ground substance

Answer 35

Component of connective tissue between the cells and fibers May be fluid, gel or hard Contains: Hyaluronic acid which makes joints slippery Chondroitin sulfate which is a component of cartilage Mineral salts, usually calcium salts

Question 36

Fibers

Answer 36

Provide strength and support Collagen fibers, five different kinds, they are the most abundant protein in the body Elastic fibers which allow for stretching Reticular, collagen with glycoproteins, they are the framework of organs

Question 37

Areolar connective tissue (loose)

Answer 37

Location: subcutaneous layer deep to sleep, papillary region of the dermis, blood vessels, nerves, body organs It is found in and around nearly every structure of the body Function: strength, elasticity and support

Question 38

Adipose connective tissue

Answer 38

Found where ever there is Areolar connective tissue. It is in the subcutaneous layer deep to skin, spur d heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow and padding around joints Function: reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve and protects organs

Question 39

Reticular connective tissue

Answer 39

Location: stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow. Around blood vessels and muscles Function: binds together smooth muscle tissue cells

Question 40

Dense regular connective tissue

Answer 40

Location: forms tendons, most ligaments Function: provides strong attachment between various structures

Question 41

Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 41

Location: reticular region of the dermis, periosteum of bone, joint capsules Function: provides tensile strength in many directions

Question 42

Elastic connective tissue

Answer 42

Location: lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, true vocal cords, some ligaments Function: allows stretching of various organs

Question 43

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 43

Location: most abundant cartilage in the human body. It is found at ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi Function: provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints as well as flexibility and support.

Question 44

Fibrocartilage

Answer 44

Location: intervertebral discs, menisci, portions of tendons Function: support and joining structures together. Strongest!

Question 45

Elastic cartilage

Answer 45

Location: lid on top of larynx, part of external ear, and auditory tubes Function: provides strength and elasticity and maintains shape of certain structures

Question 46

Lamellar

Answer 46

Are concentric rings of extra cellular matrix that consists of mineral salts which gives bones it's hardness and compressive strength

Question 47

Cartilage

Answer 47

Cells are Chondrocytes Spaces in matrix are lacuna Matrix- collagen and elastic fibers (Chondrodin sulfate)

Question 48

Muscle tissue

Answer 48

3 types, smooth, skeletal and cardiac | Contracts and produces force

Question 49

Skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 49

Location: usually attached to bones by tendons Function: motion, posture, heat production and protection

Question 50

Cardiac muscle

Answer 50

Location: heart wall Function: pumps blood to all parts of the body

Question 51

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 51

Location: iris of the eyes, walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, stomach, intestine, gallbladder, urinalysis bladder and uterus

Question 52

Nervous tissue

Answer 52

``` Sensitive to stimuli Generate electrical signals Sends messages to tissues/organs 2cells types neurons and Neuroglial Location: nervous system Function: exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts stimuli into nerve impulses and conducts never impulses ```