๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ฝ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ญ-๐ญ: A Historical Background Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
What are the three ages of the history of computers?
A
Mechanical Age, Electrical Age, Microprocessor Age
2
Q
Was the first mechanical calculator
A
Abacus
3
Q
When was the abacus invented?
A
500 BC
4
Q
Who invented the abacus?
A
Babylonians
5
Q
What was the calculator that Blaise Pascal made out of?
A
gears and wheels
6
Q
Who invented a calculator constructed of gears and wheels?
A
Blaise Pascal
7
Q
When did Blaise Pascal invent a calculator of gears and wheels?
A
1642
8
Q
How many teeth did each gear of Blaise Pascalโs calculator have?
A
10 teeth
9
Q
What kind of programming language was named after Blaise Pascal?
A
PASCAL programming language
10
Q
An early pioneer of mechanical computing machinery
A
Charles Babbage
11
Q
What was the first mechanical computer called?
A
Analytical Engine
12
Q
Who invented the analytical engine?
A
Charles Babbage
13
Q
Who aided Charles Babbage with mechanical computing machinery?
A
Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace
14
Q
Who commissioned to build a programmable calculating machine?
A
Royal Astronomical Society
15
Q
When did the Royal Astronomical Society commissioned to build a programmable calculating machine?
A
1823
16
Q
Purpose of the Royal Astronomical Societyโs commission to build a programmable calculating machine.
A
Royal Navy navigational tables
17
Q
What powers Babbageโs Analytical Engine?
A
steam; steam-powered
18
Q
What can Babbageโs analytical machine store?
A
a thousand 20-digit decimal numbers
19
Q
Assumed to be the origin of the idea for punched cards.
A
Joseph Jacquard
20
Q
What did Joseph Jacquard invent?
A
Weaving Machine
21
Q
When was the weaving machine invented?
A
1801
22
Q
Who conceived the electrical motor?
A
Michael Faraday
23
Q
When was the electric motor invented?
A
1800s/1821
24
Q
Was a handheld electronic calculator introduced by Bomar Corporation
A
Bomar Brain
25
Who invented the Bomar Brain?
Bomar Corporation
26
Who developed punched cards for storing data?
Herman Hollerith
27
When did Herman Hollerith develop punched cards for storing data?
1889
28
What were the punched cards used in early computer systems called?
Hollerith cards
29
12-bit code used on a punched card
Hollerith code
30
How many bits of code can be used on a punched card?
12-bit
31
Invented the first modern electromechanical computer
Konrad Zuse
32
What was the first modern electromechanical computer?
Z3
33
Probable reason for the invention of Z3
aircraft and missile design
34
What was the Z3 relay logic frequency clocked at?
5.33 Hz
35
Son of Konrad Zuse
Horst Zuse
36
Electronic computer used to break secret German military codes
Colossus
37
Who invented the Colossus?
Alan Turing
38
What was the Colossus made out of?
Vacuum Tubes
39
Mechanical machine that made the secret German military codes.
Enigma Machine
40
A fixed-program computer system is often called today as a ________.
Special-Purpose Computer
41
What does ENIAC stand for?
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
42
First general-purpose, programmable electronic computer system
ENIAC
43
When was ENIAC developed?
1946
44
Where was ENIAC developed?
University of Pennsylvania
45
How many vacuum tubes; how much wires; how much weight; how many operations per second; did ENIAC have?
17 000; 500 miles; over 30 tons; 100 000 operations per second
46
How was ENIAC programmed?
Rewiring Circuits
47
Why did ENIAC require frequent maintenance?
vacuum tube service life
48
Who developed the transistor?
John Bardeen, William Shockley, Walter Brattain
49
Where was the transistor developed?
Bell Labs
50
When was the transistor developed?
December 23, 1947
51
Who invented the integrated circuit?
Jack Kilby
52
When was the IC invented?
1958
53
Where did Jack Kilby work?
Texas Instruments
54
What does RTL mean?
Resistor-to-Transistor Logic
55
Where/Who developed the first microprocessor
Intel Corporation
56
When was the first microprocessor developed?
1971
57
Who developed the 4004 microprocessor
Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor
58
The patent for the 4004
US Patent 3 821 715
59
The first ______ was constructed of ones and zeros using binary codes.
Machine Language
60
Groups of instructions
Program
61
First modern person to develop a system to accept instructions and store them in memory.
John Von Neumann
62
What are computers often called?
von Neumann machines
63
What does UNIVAC mean?
Universal Automatic Computer
64
Was used to simplify entering binary code
Assembly Language
65
Allows programmers to use mnemonic codes in place of a binary number
Assembler
66
First high-level programming language
FLOWMATIC
67
Who developed FLOWMATIC?
Grace Hopper
68
When was FLOWMATIC developed?
1957
69
Allowed programmers to develop programs that used formulas to solve mathematical problems
FORTRAN
70
What does FORTRAN mean?
Formula Translator
71
Who invented FORTRAN?
IBM
72
What does IBM stand for?
International Business Machines Corporation
73
Similar language to FORTRAN but was introduced about a year later
ALGOL
74
What does ALGOL stand for?
Algorithmic Language
75
First successfully widespread programming language for business applications.
COBOL
76
What does COBOL stand for?
Computer Business Oriented Language
77
A once popular business language that allows programming by specifying form of the input, output, and calculations.
RPG or Report Program Generator
78
Among most of the common languages today that is probably easiest of all to learn
BASIC
79
World's first microprocessor
Intel 4004
80
How many bits does Intel 4004 have?
4-bits
81
A binary digit with a value of 1 or 0
Bit
82
What do you call a 4-bit-wide memory location?
Nibble
83
How many instructions did the Intel 4004 instruction set have?
45 instructions
84
What codes are calculators typically based on?
4-bit BCD
85
What does BCD stand for?
Binary Coded Decimal
86
An updated version of the Intel 4004
Intel 4040
87
An extended 8-bit version of the Intel 4004
Intel 8008
88
When was the Intel 8008 released?
1971
89
Is generally an 8-bit wide binary number
Byte
90
Actual number of bytes in K
1024
91
How much memory did Intel 8008 have?
16kB
92
How many instructions does Intel 8008 have?
48 instructions
93
First of the modem 8-bit microprocessors
Intel 8080
94
When was the Intel 8080 introduced?
1973
95
8-bit microprocessor introduced by the Motorola Corporation
MC6800
96
8-bit microprocessor introduced by Fairchild
F-8
97
8-bit microprocessor introduced by MOS Technology
6502
98
8-bit microprocessor introduced by National Semiconductor
IMP-8
99
8-bit microprocessor introduced by Rockwell International
PPS-8
100
8-bit microprocessor introduced by Zilog
Z-8
101
What is the Motorola microprocessor division that was sold called now?
Freescale Semiconductors, Inc.
102
Company that still manufactures microprocessors but more on microcontrollers and embedded controllers than general-purpose microprocessors
Zilog
103
How much memory did Intel 8080 have?
64kB
104
How many instructions did 8080 have?
76 instructions
105
How much faster is 8080 than 8008?
10x faster
106
What does TTL mean?
transistor-transistor logic
107
What was compatible for 8080 that was not directly compatible to 8008?
TTL
108
First personal computer
MITS Altair 8800
109
What does MITS stand for?
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems
110
When was MITS Altair 8800 released?
1974
111
Who developed BASIC language interpreter for the Altair 8800 computer?
Bill Gates and Paul Allen
112
Founders of Microsoft Corporation
Bill Gates and Paul Allen
113
When was the BASIC language interpreter for Altair 8800 developed?
1975
114
Was the last 8-bit, general purpose microprocessor developed by Intel
Intel 8085
115
When was Intel 8085 introrduced?
1977
116
Number of instructions of Intel 8085
246
117
Instructions per second of Intel 8085
769 230
118
Instructions per second of Intel 8080
500 000
119
Instructions per second of 8008
50 000
120
16-bit microprocessors released by Intel
8086 & 8088
121
When were 16-bit microprocessors first released by Intel?
1978
122
How much memory does 8086 and 8088 have?
1MB
123
Actual number of bytes in 1MB
1 048 576
124
How many instructions for Intel 8086&8088
over 20 000
125
Instructions per second of 8086/8088
2.5 millions
126
What were 8086 and 8088 called because of the additional instructions that eased task of developing efficient and sophisticated applications
CISC
127
What does CISC mean?
Complex Instruction Set Computers
128
When was the popularity of Intel ensured?
1981
129
An updated Intel 8086
Intel 80286
130
When was Intel 80286 introduced?
1983
131
Instructions per second of 80286
4 millions
132
32-Bit microprocessor by Intel
Intel 80386
133
When was Intel 80386 introduced
1986
134
How much memory did 80386 have?
4GB
135
Exact number of bytes in GB
1 073 741 824
136
Was called an embedded PC because it contains all components of the AT class computer on a single integrated circuit
Intel 80386EX
137
How many lines does 80386EX have for input/output data?
24
138
How many bits address bus does 80386EX have?
26-bit
139
How many bits data bus does 80386EX have?
16-bit
140
When was the Intel 80486 introduced?
1989
141
Is an Intel double-clocked microprocessor
80486DX2
142
Rate of instructions execution for double-clocked
66MHz
143
Rate of memory transfers for double-clocked
33MHz
144
Similar to 80386 and 80486 and was originally labeled as P5.
Pentium Miroprocessor
145
Original label of Pentium Microprocessor
P5
146
When was Pentium introduced?
1993
147
speed of Pentium
110MIPs
148
What can Intel allow Pentium to replace?
RISC
149
What does RISC stand for?
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
150
What made some newer RISC processors execute more than one instruction per clock possible?
Superscaler Technology
151
Microprocessor formerly named P6
Pentium Pro Processor
152
How many transistors does Pentium Pro Processor have?
21 million
153
Clock frequency of Pentium Pro Processor
150 and 166 MHz
154
How many L1 cache does Pentium Pro Processor have?
16K
155
How many L2 cache does Pentium Pro Processor have?
256K
156
How many execution engines does Pentium Pro Processor use?
3
157
Where was Pentium Pro often bundled with?
Windows NT
158
Memory system that Pentium Pro can address
4GB or 64GB
159
Address bus of Pentium Pro if configured for 64GB memory
36-bit
160
When was Pentium Pro introduced?
1995
161
Intel microprocessor that was placed on a small circuit board instead of being an integrated circuit
Pentium II
162
When was Pentium II released?
1997
163
Bus speed of newer Pentium II
100MHz
164
When did Intel change Pentium II bus speed?
1998
165
Specifically designed for high-end workstation and server applications
Pentium Xeon
166
When was Pentium Xeon released?
mid-1998
167
Clock frequency of Pentium III
1GHz
168
When was the Pentium 4 first made available?
late 2000
169
Most recent version of Pentium
Core2
170
Speed of Pentium 4
3.2 Ghz
171
What memory does the supporting chips for Pentium 4 use?
RAMBUS or DDR
172
Speed of Core2
3 GHz
173
What were included in the recent modifications to Pentium 4 and Core2
64-bit core and multiple cores
174
How many address pins is needed for 1T memory to be accessed?
40
175
New Intel architecture 64 bits in width and 128-bit data bus
Itanium
176
Joint Venture of Intel and Hewlett-Packard
EPIC - Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing
177
When was the Itanium released?
2002
