A. I

Question 1

Changes naturally occurring in the human body after death

Answer 1

Pallor mortis (15-20 min post death paleness)
Livor mortis (Settling of blood in the lower body)
Algor mortis (Temp. decreases)
Rigor mortis
Autolysis (Digestive enzymes)
Decomposition (Bacterias)
Saponification

Question 2

Pre-mortem thrombi signs

Answer 2

Dry, granular
Adherent to vessel wall
Line of Zahn

Question 3

Post-mortem thrombi signs

Answer 3

Gelatinous, soft
Weakly attach to vessel wall
Yellow surface covering red content

Question 4

Where can we find Line of Zahn

Answer 4

Pre-mortem thrombi sign

Question 5

Possible causes of necrosis

Answer 5

Microbes
Toxins
Nutritional
Oxygen deficiency

Question 6

Possible changes in the nucleus due to necrosis (3)

Answer 6

Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis

Question 7

Pyknosis

Answer 7

Nuclear condensation

Question 8

Karyorrhexis

Answer 8

Fregmantation

רקסי הכלב הוא קורע לגזרים

Question 9

Karyolysis

Answer 9

Dissolution

Question 10

Morphology changes due to necrosis (4)

Answer 10

Nuclear appearance
Cell swelling
Eosinophilic color
Calcification

Question 11

Why do we see Eosinophilic color in case of necrosis?

Answer 11

Acidic metabolic products increase

Question 12

Why do we see Calcification in case of necrosis?

Answer 12

Increased Calcium intracellularly

Question 13

What is the result of reperfusion injury?

Answer 13

Production of O2 derived free radicals which damage the tissue

Question 14

O2 derived free radicals (3)

Answer 14

Superoxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radicals

Question 15

Coagulative necrosis=

Answer 15

Necrotic tissue that remains firm

Question 16

Coagulative necrosis is a characteristic of _____ infarction

Answer 16

Ischemic

Question 17

Where can we find Coagulative necrosis?

Answer 17

Everywhere except the brain

Question 18

Colliquative necrosis (Liquefactive)=

Answer 18

Necrotic tissue that becomes liquefied

Question 19

Colliquative necrosis occurrs due to

Answer 19

Enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins

Question 20

Colliquative necrosis examples and how they get liquefied

Answer 20

Brain (Microglial cells proteolytic enzymes)
Abcsess (Neut. proteolytic enzymes)
Pancreas (Pancreas proteolytic enzymes)

Question 21

Hemorrhagic infarction is a type of ______ necrosis

Answer 21

Coagulative

Question 22

Hemorrhagic infarction happens bcs.

Answer 22

Organ has 2 blood supply

Question 23

Where does Hemorrhagic infarction happens

Answer 23

Lung
Intestine
Liver

Question 24

Fat necrosis=

Answer 24

Necrotic adipose tissue with white appearance due to calcium deposition
Action of Lipase on fat tissue

Question 25

Where can we find Fat necrosis

Answer 25

Pancreas | Trauma to fat (Breast)

Question 26

What is saponification

Answer 26

Calcium deposites in dead tissue

Question 27

Caseous necrosis=

Answer 27

Soft necrotic tissue | Cottage like appearance

Question 28

Caseous necrosis is a combination of

Answer 28

Coagulative necrosis | Liquefactive necrosis

Question 29

Caseous necrosis characterized what state?

Answer 29

Granulomatous inflammation

Question 30

Fibrinoid necrosis happens where

Answer 30

Blood vessels wall

Question 31

Why does Fibrinoid necrosis happen?

Answer 31

Leaking of proteins into vessel wall

Question 32

In what cases can we see Fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 32

Malignant HTN | Vasculitis

Question 33

What is MI

Answer 33

Necrosis of cardiac myocytes

Question 34

Apoptosis=

Answer 34

ATP dependant programmed cell death

Question 35

Apoptosis examples

Answer 35

Endometrial shedding | Removal of cells in the embryo

Question 36

Apoptosis morphology (5)

Answer 36

``` Cell shrink Eosinophilic cytoplasm Nucleus cindensed Nucleus fragments Apoptotic bodies ```

Question 37

Does apoptosis followed up by inflammation?

Answer 37

No

Question 38

Apoptosis is mediated by

Answer 38

Caspase

Question 39

Caspase activates (2) and their job

Answer 39

Proteases- Cytoplasm breaking | Endonuclease- DNA breaking

Question 40

Caspases are activated by what pathways (3)

Answer 40

Intrinsic mitochondrial Extrinsic receptor-ligand Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell mediated

Question 41

Extrinsic receptor-ligand=

Answer 41

FAS ligand binds FAS-R | Tumor necrosis factor binds TNF-R

Question 42

FAS ligand binds FAS-R example

Answer 42

Negative selection in the thymus

Question 43

How does Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell kill cells?

Answer 43

Perforins | Granzymes

Question 44

Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

Answer 44

Cellular injury -> Inactivation of Bc/2 -> Cytochrome C leaks from mito. ->Caspase activation