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SN Pathology final > A. II+III > Flashcards

A. II+III Flashcards

1
Q

Reversible cell injury can lead to the accumulation of

A 
Fat
Proteins
Glycogen
Nucleic acid
Pigments
Calcification
Hyalin
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2
Q

Example of accumulation

A

Fatty liver

Hyalin arteries

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3
Q

What are the types of fatty degeneration?

A

Triglycerides

Cholesterol

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4
Q

Example for Triglycerides fatty degeneration

A

Liver

Heart

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5
Q

Example for Cholesterol fatty degeneration

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Where can we find hyalin accumulation?

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

hyalin accumulation will cause the vessel to be

A

Hard and without elasticity

Narrow lumen

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8
Q

Which pigments can accummulate?

A

Anthrax
Lipofuscin
Hemosiderin

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9
Q

What is anthracosis?

A

Exogenous pigment accumulates I.C

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10
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

Wear and tear pigment
Yellow–brown pigment granules
Lipid containing residues of lysosomal digestion

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11
Q

Where can we see lipofuscin?

A 
Liver
Kidney
Heart
Adrenals
Nerve vells
Retina
...
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12
Q

How can we distinguish lipofuscin from hemosiderin?

A

Prussian blue

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13
Q

Hemosiderin is generated from (2)

A

Breakdown of heme (Iron)

Abnormal metabolic pathway of Ferritin

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14
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

Iron containing golden-brown granular pigment

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15
Q

Hemosiderin in heart is called

A

Hemosiderin Laden MPH (Heart failure cells)

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16
Q

How can we see Hemosiderin?

A

Prussian blue stain

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17
Q

What are the conditions for dystrophic calcification?

A

Normal cerum calcium

Normal cerum phosphate

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18
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Necrotic tissue acts as nidus for calcification

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19
Q

When can dystrophic calcification occur?

A

Necrosis
Atheromas
Aging

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20
Q

dystrophic calcification is associated with (4)

A

Psammoma bodies
Thyroid
Meningioma
Prostate

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21
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissue due to elevated levels of calcium

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22
Q

What can cause metastatic calcification?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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23
Q

metastatic calcification can cause:

A

Bone destruction
Vit.D associated disorders
Renal failure

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24
Q

Presence of gallstones is called-

A

Cholelithiasis

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25
Cholelithiasis happen due to precipitation of (2) + %
Cholesterol 90% | Bilirubin 10%
26
Risk factors for bilirubin fallstones?
Biliary tract infections | Extravascular hemolysis
27
Biliary tract infections that leads to gallstones
Ascaris lumbricoides | Chlonorcis sinensis
28
Define Nephrolithiasis
Precipitation of a urinary solute as a stone
29
Types of Nephrolithiasis
Calcium oxalate Ammonium magnesium phosphate (Struvite) Uric acid Cysteine
30
What is the most common Nephrolithiasis seen in patient with Gout?
Uric acid stone
31
Nephrolithiasis risk factors
High conc. of solute in the urinary filtrate | Low urine volume
32
What is Amyloid?
Misfolded protein that deposits in EC space (Which will damage the tissue)
33
Configeration of Amyloid
B-pleated sheet
34
How can visualize Amyloids?
Congo red
35
Deposition of amyloid can be systemic or
Localized
36
Systemic deposition of amyloids is devided into
Primary and secondary
37
Primary amyloidosis is composed of
Amyloid Light-chain (AL amyloidosis) | Cells that produce Ab do not function properly so the light chain accumulates and produce AL amyloidosis
38
Primary amyloidosis is associted with
Plasma cell crisis
39
Secondary amyloidosis is composed of
Amyloid A protein (AA)
40
What is AA?
Acute phase protein | High in case of inflammation
41
SAA is increased in what conditions?
Chronic inflammation Malignancy Familia mediterranean fever
42
Clinical findings of systemic amyloidosis
He ToMeR Now ``` Hepatosplenomegaly Tongue enlargment Malabsorbtion Restrictive cardiomyopathy Nephrotic syndrome ```
43
Can we remove amyloidosis?
No
44
Different organs affected by localized amyloidosis
``` Senile cardiac amyloidosis Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy Non-insulin depen. DM Alzheimer Dialysis associated Medullary carcinoma of thyroid ```
45
Alzheimer associated amyloidosis
AB amyloid deposit in brain
46
AB amyloid is derived from
B-amyloid precursor protein
47
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid associated amyloidosis=
Calcitonin deposit within the tumor of the thyroid
48
Atrophy
Partial or complete wasting of part of the body
49
Atrophy occurs via decrease in cell size and
Cell number
50
In atrophy, decrease in cell number occurs via
Apoptosis
51
In atrophy, decrease in cell size occurs via (2)
Autophagy of cellular elements | Ubiquitin degregation of cytoskeleton
52
Hypertrophy=
Increased stress on organ leads to increased organ size due to increase in size
53
Hypertrophy involves (3)
Gene activation Protein synthesis Organelles production
54
Example for organs that cannot go through hyperplasia
Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Nerve
55
Myocardium goes through hypertrophy when there is systemic ____
HTN
56
Two mechanism of hypertrophy
1. Mechanical- stretch | 2. Tropic trigger- Hormones
57
Hyperplasia=
Increase in stress leads to an increase in organ size due to increase in cell number
58
Pathological hyperplasia can progress to
Dyplasia and then cancer
59
Which type of hyperplasia doesnt increase the risk of cancer?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
60
Metaplasia=
Change in stress on an organ leads to change in cell type
61
Classic example for metaplasia
Barrett esophagus | NKSE -> Columnar cells
62
Metalasia is reversible/irreversible
Reversible
63
What can reverse Barrett esophagus?
Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux
64
Barret esophagus can farther progress to
Adenocarcinoma of esophagus
65
Which metaplasia carries no risk for cancer?
Apocrine metaplasia of the breast
66
Which vitamin def. leads to metaplasia?
Vitamin A | Squamous cell->Strat, Keratinizing squ. in the eye
67
Squamous cell->Strat, Keratinizing squ. in the eye is called
Keratomalacia
68
Dysplasia=
Disordered cellular growth | Proliferation of precancerous cells
69
Example for Dysplasia
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
70
Dysplasia often arise from (2)
Longstanding hyperplasia | Metaplasia

SN Pathology final (13 decks)

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