C. XI Flashcards by shir nov

Rhinitis=

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa

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Most common cause of rhinitis

Adenovitus

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Subtype of rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (type I HSN)

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Allergic rhinitis is associated with

Asthma

Eczema

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Nasal polyp=

Protrusion of edematous, inflamed nasal mucosa

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Nasal polyp are usually secondary to

Repeats of rhinitis

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Nasal polyp occurs also in

Cystic fibrosis

Apirin intolerant asthma

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Apirin intolerant asthma symptoms

Asthma
Aspirin induced bronchospasm
Nasal polyps

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Pathology of lips, oral cavity and pharynx (5) aslo neoplasia

Cleft lip and palate
Aphthous ulcer
Bechet syndrome
Oral herpes

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Cleft lip and palate are due to

Due to failure of facial prominence to fuse

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What are the facial prominence? How many?

1 superior
2 from sides
2 inferior

They fuse togather

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Do Cleft lip and palate occur togather?

Most times

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What is aphthous ulcer

Painful, superficial ulceration of the oral mucosa

Arise due to stress

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How does a aphthous ulcer look?

Greyish base surrounded by erythema

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Syndrome with recurrent aphthous ulcer, genital ulcer and uveitis=

Bechet syndrome

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Bechet syndrome is due to

Immune complex vasculitis involving small vessels

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Inflammatory lesions of the upper respiratory tract (4)

Rhinitis
Nasal polys\p
Acute epiglottitis
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

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Acute epiglottitis is a risk for

Airway obstruction

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Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) symp.

Barking cough

Inspiratory stridor

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Tumors of nasal passages, nasopharynx and larynx (4)

Angiofibroma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Laryngeal papilloma
Laryngeal carcinoma

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Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma=

Malignant neoplasm of squamous cells lining the oral mucosa

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Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, what are the risk factors

Smoking

Alcohol

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Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma most common location

Floor of the mouth

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Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma precursoe lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

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an you scrape away leukoplakia?

Hairy cell leukoplakia is due to

EBV-induced squamous cell hyperplasia

Is Hairy cell leukoplakia premalignant?

Erythroplakia=

Vascularized leukoplakia | Highly suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia

Benign tumor of nasal mucosa is also called=

Angiofibroma

Angiofibroma composed of

Large blood vessels and fibrous tissue

Angiofibroma symp.

Epistaxis=nose bleed

Biopsy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma will show

Pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells (squamous)

Laryngeal papilloma is due to

HPV 6/11

Laryngeal papilloma is single in what population

Adult

Laryngeal papilloma is multipla in what population

Chuldren

Laryngeal cercinoma risk factors

Smoking | Alcohol

Is Laryngeal papilloma a risk factor for Laryngeal cercinoma?

Rarely

Laryngeal papilloma and Laryngeal cercinoma both have what symptom?

Hoarseness

Salivary gland pathology (5)

``` Mumps - parotitis Sialadenitis Pleomorphic adenoma Warthin tumor Mucoepidermoid carcinoma ```

Inflammation of the salivary glands is also called=

Sialadenitis

Sialadenitis is most commonly due to

Obstructive stone leading to Staph. aureus infection

Sialadenitis is usually uni/bi lateral?

Unilateral

What is the most common tumor of the salivary glands?

Pleomorphic adenoma

Pleomorphic adenoma usually arises in which gland?

Parotid

Pleomorphic adenoma presents as

Mobile, painless, circumscribed mass at angle of the jaw

Pleomorphic adenoma possess a high rate of

Recurrence

What is the 2nd most common tumor of the salivary glands?

Warthin tumor

Warthin tumor=

Benign cystic tumor with abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers

Warthin tumor almost always arise in (location)

Parotid glands

What is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands?

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma=

Mucinous and squamous cells

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma commonly involves the

Facial nerve

Primary TB=

Focal, caseating necrosis in the lower lobe of the kung and hilar lymph nodesthat undergoes fibrosis and calcification=Ghon complex

Reactivation of TB is usually due to

AIDS, Immunocompronized

Where in the lungs can we see secondary TB?

Apex

Which pnemonia is a result of TB?

Tubercolous bronchopnemonia

Secondary TB symp.

``` Fever Night sweat Cough Hemoptysis Weight loss ```

Systemic spread of TB is usually to

Meningitis Cervical lymph nodes Kidney Pott disease

Define atelectasis=

Lung collapse | Inadequate expansion of air spaces

What are the types of atelectasis?

Resorption Compression Contraction

Resorption atelectasis is due to

Obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways

Compression atelectasis is due to

Accumulation of fluid btw. the pleura

Contraction atelectasis is due to

Fibrotic change in pleura hamper expansion and increase elastic recoil during expiration

ARDS=

Diffuse damage to the alveolar-capillary interface

ARDS results in

Leakage of protein rich fluid leads to edema and formation of hyaline membranes in alveoli

Etiology of ARDS

Sepsis Pneumonia Aspiration Trauma

EREcovery from ARDS my be complicated by

Interstitial fibrosis and scarring

Chest x ray of ARDS

White out

What is neonatal RDS?

Respiratory distress due to inadequate surfactant levels

Surfactant is made by

Type II pneumocytes

Major component of surfactant

Phosphatidylcholine (Lecitin)

Surfactant job

Decreases surface tension in the lung | Preventing collapse of alveoli after expiration

When do have an adequate levels of surfactant?

Week 34

What test do we use to check for lung maturity?

Amnionic fluid lecitin/Sphingomyelin > 2 is good

What can increase the syntesis of surfactant?

Steroids

What can decrease the syntesis of surfactant?

Insulin in diabetec mothers

Lung congestion is due to

Left sided heart failure

Lung congestion gross and microscoply

Heavy and firm | Laden MPH with hemosiderin

DVT usually arises from which veins

Femoral Iliac Popliteal

Dual blood supply of the lung

Pulmonary artery | Bronchial arteries

Only __ of PE causes infarction

10%

What is the name of an emboli that blocks both left and right pulmonary arteries

Saddle embolus

Lung infarction is usually what king

Hemorrhagic

Lung cancer main risk factors?

Cigarette Radon (chemical element) Asbestos

Which carcinogenes leads to lung cancer?

Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons | Arsenic

How is radon form?

Radioactive decay of uranium

Lung cancer imaging

Solitary nodules (coin lesions)

Benign coin lesions=

``` Granulomas Bronchial hamartoma (lung tissue and cartilage) ```

Lung cancer is devided in 2 (%?)

Small cell carcinoma 15% | Non-small cell carcinoma 85%

Non-small cell carcinoma is devided into

Adenocarcinoma 40% Squamous cell carcinoma 30% Large cell carcinoma 10% Carcinoid tumor 5%

Which type of lung cancer does not responde to chemotherapy?

Non-small cell carcinoma

In which lung cancer type we see pleural involvment?

Adenocarcinoma

In lung cancer, compression of symp. chain leads to

Horner syndrome

Horner syndrome is characterized by

Ptosis Miosis Anhidrosis

Lung cancer lymph node metastasis location

Hilar | Mediastinal

Unique site of lung cancer metastasis

Adrenal glands

Small cell carcinoma in lungs arises from which cells

Neuroendocrine cells

Small cell carcinoma in lungs Association Location Comment

Male smokers Central ADh/ACTH production

Squamous cell carcinoma in lungs histology

Keratin pearls/intercellular bridges

What is the most common tumor in male smokers?

Squamous cell carcinoma

What is the most common tumor in nonsmokers and female smokers?

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma Association Location Comment

Male smokers Central PTH

Adenocarcinoma in lungs histology

Glands or mucin

Adenocarcinoma Association Location

nonsmokers and female smokers | Peripheral

Large cell carcinoma Association Location Comment

Smoking Central/peripheral Pneumonia like consolidation

Carcinoid tumor in lung is _____ positive

Chromogranin

Which lung cancer arises from clara cells?

Bronchioalveolar carcinoma

Most common source of lung metastasis (metastasis to the lung)

Breast | Colon

Which is more common in the lung? Primary tumor Metastasis

Metastasis

Pneumothorax=

Accumulation of air in the pleural space

Tumor that is highly associated with asbestos exposure

Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma presents as

Recurrent pleural effusions Dyspnea Chest pain